Health IT Law Blog : Health IT Law Blog : Post & Schell: Law Firm : HIT & Electronic Health Records

According to Karen Bell, MD, chair of the Certification Commission on Health Information Technology (CCHIT), her organization will begin accepting applications for HHS certification as early as September 20, 2010.  Via Healthcare IT News:

CCHIT is authorized to offer HHS certification for complete EHRs that meet all of the Stage 1, 2011/2012 HHS/ONC criteria, as well as certification for modular EHR products that meet one or more - but not all - of the criteria, Bell said.

According to Bell, CCHIT plans to launch its authorized HHS certification program on Sept. 20 at 1 p.m. Eastern time with a Town Call Webcast describing its application and testing process. CCHIT will take new health IT developer applications immediately after the Webcast and the first group of HHS certified complete EHRs and EHR modules will be announced within weeks of that launch.

In addition to HHS certification, CCHIT will continue to offer its CCHIT Certified program for ambulatory and inpatient EHR products that exceed the HHS/ONC criteria and are designed for hospitals and physician practices that are looking for assurance of more robust, integrated EHR products to support the unique needs of its clinicians and patients. Many of these products will also be HHS certified, Bell said.

You can read more about CCHIT's plans here.

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Via HHS Press Release:

The Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT), Chicago, Ill. and the Drummond Group Inc. (DGI), Austin, Texas, were named today by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) as the first technology review bodies that have been authorized to test and certify electronic health record (EHR) systems for compliance with the standards and certification criteria that were issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services earlier this year.

Announcement of these ONC-Authorized Testing and Certification Bodies (ONC-ATCBs) means that EHR vendors can now begin to have their products certified as meeting criteria to support meaningful use, a key step in the national initiative to encourage adoption and effective use of EHRs by America’s health care providers.

“Less than two months following the issuance of final meaningful use rules, we have approved our initial ONC-ATCB certifiers. EHR vendors can begin immediately to get their products certified.” said David Blumenthal, M.D., national coordinator for Health Information Technology. This is a crucial step because it ensures that certified EHR products will be available to support the achievement of the required meaningful use objectives, that these products will be aligned with one another on key standards, and that doctors and hospitals can invest with confidence in these certified systems.”

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Our own Steve Fox was interviewed by InformationWeek regarding the essential protections healthcare providers should include in their EHR contracts with health IT  vendors.  In particular, Steve warned providers against simply accepting vendor agreements without carefully reviewing and negotiating the key provision therein. Via InformationWeek:

"Many health IT vendors offer online contacts that prompt the physician to click the 'agree' button. Unfortunately some of these agreements have no warranties and in fact disclaim many standard warranties, so the vendors are selling their products 'as is,' which means if something goes wrong they are not responsible," Fox told InformationWeek after his presentation. "Some contracts even go further and say if a third party, for example the patient, would sue as a result of a problem with the EHR, the physician has to indemnify and defend the vendor even if it was the vendor that caused the problem."

You can read more after the jump, or by clicking here.

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Data journalist David McCandless gave a brilliant talk about data analysis and visualization at this year's TED conference in Oxford, England.  What kind of stories will the newly collected electronic health data tell us about the human body and mind? If the nationwide EMR adoption proceeds according to plan, we will, for the first time, have enormous amount of health information available for analysis.  Data design and visualization will be key to our discovering and understanding of the often-hidden truths contained in raw data.

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On August 19, 2010, the "tiger team" advisory panel submitted a letter to the HIT Policy Committee, established pursuant to the HITECH Act, proposing new safeguards for personally identifiable information on health information exchanges.  Via Bloomberg Business Week:

The recommendations were developed in response to a specific set of privacy-related questions raised by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. They touch upon and clarify topics such as patient consent and the use of third-party service providers in the exchange of personally identifiable health information.

<...> One of the bigger recommendations relates to patient consent. The direct exchange of electronic patient data between health providers for treatment purposes does not require any additional patient consent, the panel noted. The same rules that apply to paper or faxed exchanges of health information should apply in the electronic realm as well.

HIT Policy Committee will have to review and approve the proposed safeguards.  You can read more about the proposed standards after the jump, and can read the letter in full by clicking here.

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eWeek provides a great reminder of the dangers of signing up for an electronic health records system stored in a "cloud."  Such ASP/SaaS EHR models are attractive to many practices because they offer consistent (though not always lower) monthly fees and require no equipment purchases or installations.  However, as eWeek appropriately summarized, choosing an ASP provider should raise quite a few concerns, including:

• Access: who has access to your information (including your patients' protected health information)? How safe is it? Perhaps even more importantly, do you have access to your own information? Each ASP contract must deal with access issues, and clearly state that the provider will always have the right to access its own information stored on remotely hosted servers. Similarly, vendors should warrant that only the necessary personnel will access provider's records, and only in accordance with the scope of the agreement between the parties.
   
• Storage and disposal: Where is the data actually stored, and what regional or international laws may apply to such information? Also, what happens if the provider ceases to exist? eWeek reminds us that in 2001, "GE Healthcare bought health records provider Encounter EHR and eventually ended up shutting it down - giving records holders 30 days' notice to reclaim their data or lose it. This caused a great number of problems." While such instances are rare, what if the vendor storing your records is acquired by another company? Once again, your contracts should clearly deal with these issues, especially by providing that in the event the vendor is sold or goes out of business, provider has the right to terminate the agreement and the vendor must immediately return all of provider's data in its possession in the format specified by the provider.
   
• Cost: Does choosing ASP/SaaS model save money? According to eWeek, not necessarily: "Allscripts' MyWay service costs $700 per month per health care provider. GE Healthcare's new Centricity Advance service will cost doctors from $300 to $800 a month. Most client-server software packages are much less expensive."

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Via NIST:

In efforts to help the nation's health care industry make the transition to the digital age in an effective and meaningful fashion, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has published a set of approved procedures for testing information technology systems that work with electronic health records (EHRs). Released in draft form earlier this year (see "NIST, Partners Develop Testing Infrastructure for Health IT Systems," NIST Tech Beat for March 16, 2010, at http://www.nist.gov/itl/hit_031610.cfm), the approved and finalized testing procedures are now available for use.

Under a certification program established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the National Coordinator (HHS/ONC), testing organizations authorized by HHS/ONC can use the tools to evaluate EHR software and systems that vendors would like to sell to doctor's offices, hospitals and other health care providers. Starting next year, the federal government will provide extra Medicare and Medicaid payments to health care providers that implement EHR systems certified to meet ONC requirements that conform to technical standards and are put to "meaningful use," performing specifically defined functions.

These ONC-approved test procedures help ensure that electronic health records function properly and work interchangeably across systems developed by different vendors. The set of 45 approved test procedures evaluate components of electronic health records such as their encryption, how they plot and display growth charts, and how they control access so that only authorized users can access their information.

The development of these tools was mandated by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) in order to support a health IT infrastructure.

Notice of the approved test procedures appears in the August 9, 2010, Federal Register. For more information, see http://healthcare.nist.gov/use_testing/finalized_requirements.html and http://healthit.hhs.gov/certification
 

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CMS launched a very useful Web site, http://www.cms.gov/EHRIncentiveprograms, providing an overview of the Medicaid and Medicare incentive payment programs established by the HITECH Act.  The site provides up-to-date, detailed information and many important links and "fact sheets" about the incentive programs, including overviews of CMS's final rule on meaningful use, the scope of the incentives program, and a Frequently Asked Questions section.  

It is definitely worth saving or bookmarking this site, so that you can check back in easily for regular updates.

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On August 19, 2009, pursuant to the HITECH Act, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published the interim final regulations regarding breach notification requirements for health care providers and other entities covered by HIPAA. The rule became effective on September 23, 2009. 

During the 60 day public comment period, HHS received 120 comments, after which HHS developed a final rule and submitted it to the Office of Management and Budget for regulatory review on May 14, 2010.  However, on July 27, 2010, HHS issued a statement that they are withdrawing the final rule from OMB:

HHS is withdrawing the breach notification final rule from OMB review to allow for further consideration, given the Department’s experience to date in administering the regulations. This is a complex issue and the Administration is committed to ensuring that individuals’ health information is secured to the extent possible to avoid unauthorized uses and disclosures, and that individuals are appropriately notified when incidents do occur. We intend to publish a final rule in the Federal Register in the coming months.

HHS's withdrawal remains a bit of mystery.  However, Post & Schell's Ed Shay has a couple of thoughts, which you can read after the jump.

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The Rite Aid Corporation, the third largest pharmacy chain in the United States, reached a major settlement with both the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and HHS's Office of Civil Rights (OCR) regarding charges that Rite Aid violated federal privacy and security laws and regulations by failing to keep its customers' and employees' data safe. 

Rite Aid employees were reported to discard prescriptions and pill bottles containing sensitive patient data into the dumpsters behind various Rite Aid pharmacies, which were easily accessible to the public.  Such practices violate the HIPAA Privacy Rule, which requires covered entities to safeguard the privacy of patient information, even when such information is being destroyed.  Rite Aid's actions may also violate the company's own promises to their customers regarding keeping their health information private and secure (this broken promise being the basis for FTC's charges).

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We dedicate much of our time to the implications of and regulations stemming out of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA).  However, this year's historic health reform legislation ("Affordable Care Act" or "ACA") also contains a number of significant provisions affecting the health IT industry.  (We discussed ACA's health IT provisions in a recent guide to the health reform legislation crafted by the American Health Lawyers Association, which you can fine here.) 

In particular, Section 1561 of the Affordable Care Act tasks the HIT Policy and Standards Committees (established last year pursuant to ARRA) to develop a set of standards which would facilitate enrollment in federal and state health and human services programs, including drafting "standards for electronic matching across state and federal data; retrieval and submission of electronic documentation for verification; reuse of eligibility information; capability for individuals to maintain eligibility information online; and notification of eligibility."

On July 19, 2010, the Enrollment workgroup of these advisory committees issued their recommendations with respect to minimum enrollment standards.  Their recommendations will be the subject of a rule the agency must issue by September 30, 2010.  The workgroup's recommendations include the use of web-based services, easing enrollment procedures for patients, and creating "business rules" (sets of policies and procedures aimed at promoting "the use of standard data elements and verification and help to deal with ambiguity of information and differences in data so program officers can make decisions about eligibility.")

You can learn more about the Enrollment workgroup's recommendations via Healthcare IT News or, in greater detail, via ONC's web site.

"Health IT panel offers first enrollment standards details," Healthcare IT News (July 20, 2010).

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On July 13, 2010, CMS issued the final rule defining "meaningful use" and establishing the parameters and requirements for eligible professionals, hospitals and other providers to receive incentive payments provided under the HITECH Act for widespread adoption of electronic health records.  According to CMS, the key changes included in the final rule (from the meaningful use NPRM published in the Federal Register on January 13, 2010) include:

• Greater flexibility with respect to eligible professionals and hospitals in meeting and reporting certain objectives for demonstrating meaningful use. The final rule divides the objectives into a “core” group of required objectives and a “menu set” of procedures from which providers may choose any five to defer in 2011-2012. This gives providers latitude to pick their own path toward full EHR implementation and meaningful use.
• An objective of providing condition-specific patient education resources for both EPs and eligible hospitals and the objective of recording advance directives for eligible hospitals, in line with recommendations from the Health Information Technology Policy Committee.
• A definition of a hospital-based EP as one who performs substantially all of his or her services in an inpatient hospital setting or emergency room only, which conforms to the Continuing Extension Act of 2010
• CAHs within the definition of acute care hospital for the purpose of incentive program eligibility under Medicaid.

You can view the PDF of the final rule on Meaningful Use by clicking here.

You can learn more about it from the HHS press release by clicking here.  Also, the New England Journal of Medicine published an excellent summary by Dr. Blumenthal of the changes included in the final rule; you can find this article by clicking here.

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On July 7, 2010, HHS issued a notice of proposed rule making (NPRM) regarding the changes to the HIPAA Privacy, Security and Enforcement Rules, as provided in the HITECH Act, in order "to strengthen the privacy and security protections for health information and to improve the workability and effectiveness of the HIPAA Rules."  Via HHS Press Release:

The proposed modifications to the HIPAA Rules include provisions extending the applicability of certain of the Privacy and Security Rules’ requirements to the business associates of covered entities, establishing new limitations on the use and disclosure of protected health information for marketing and fundraising purposes, prohibiting the sale of protected health information, and expanding individuals’ rights to access their information and to obtain restrictions on certain disclosures of protected health information to health plans. In addition, the proposed rule adopts provisions designed to strengthen and expand HIPAA’s enforcement provisions.

You can view the NPRM by clicking here.

"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Implement HITECH Act Modifications," HHS Press Release (July 7, 2010).

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In November of 2009, health insurance provider HealthNet reported a loss of a portable disk drive (which occurred six months prior to HealthNet's report). The disk drive contained compressed, though not encrypted, data, including social security and bank account information, on nearly half a million persons.  This loss outraged the Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal, eventually leading Connecticut to file suit against the insurer for HIPAA violations and noncompliance with HealthNet's own security policies by failing to encrypt the sensitive data.

However, on July 6, 2010, Blumenthal (who is currently running to replace Chris Dodd (D-CT) in the U.S. Senate) announced that Connecticut has reached a settlement with HealthNet and its parent companies over this breach.  According to Blumenthal, this is the very first time a state Attorney General reached such a settlement for a HIPAA violation. The settlement included:

• $250,000 fine to be paid to Connecticut;

• $500,000 contingency fund, to be paid to the state in the event it is determined that someone accessed the protected data on the lost disks; and

• a "corrective action plan" which is aimed to enhance security of protected data in possession of HealthNet and its parent companies.

It is important to keep in mind that the penalties could have been even higher. Yet regardless of the amount of the fine, this breach cost much more to HealthNet than $250,000.  The costs associated with investigations, breach notification, and possible legal fees almost certainly cost the organization more than the amount of the fine imposed by Connecticut.  Thus, HealthNet's example should serve as a great reminder about the importance of doing everything possible to avoid a breach, and knowing how to handle a breach effectively if one does occur.

"Blumenthal wins $250,000 in Health Net settlement," TheDay.com (July 6, 2010).

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Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center (LMMHC) in New York suffered a major breach affecting 130,495 of its patients, according to a notice provided to HHS.  The breach occurred when the hospital's contractor, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, shipped seven password-protected, but not encrypted, CDs containing patient information via FedEx; and these CDs were subsequently lost in transit.  Via Bloomberg Business Week:

The CDs were sent by the hospital's billing processor, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, around March 16, but never arrived at their intended destination. They included sensitive health and personal information including Social Security numbers, addresses, dates of birth, health plan numbers, driver's license numbers and even descriptions of medical procedures, the hospital said on a note posted to its Web site.

<...> Siemens is no longer FedExing CDs to Lincoln, the hospital said. It is not aware of any of the data being improperly accessed.

LMMHC's breach should serve as a reminder for all healthcare providers currently negotiating health IT contracts to include proper protections in the event its vendor causes a breach or loss of protected data.  This is particularly crucial in the post-HITECH Act era.  

We always include specific compliance with privacy laws warranties, indemnification clauses and limitation of liability carve-outs for vendor's own negligent acts or omissions which result in a data breach or loss.  LMMHC's example clearly illustrates that providers must insist on such protections -- often, over strenuous objections from vendors -- because, otherwise, providers may be exposed to a wide range of expenses and damages from third-party claims, fines, investigations and breach notification associated with a data breach or loss resulting from vendor's actions.

For more information, please listen to or view the slides from our Webinar on negotiating "must-have" provisions in HIT contracts.

"New York hospital loses data on 130,000 via FedEx," Bloomberg Business Week (June 29, 2010).

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As required in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced this week that it plans to integrate the quality reporting requirements for physicians' Medicare payments with reporting requirements for healthcare providers who achieve meaningful use under the HITECH Act.  Via Healthcare IT News:

Under the Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI), physicians who participate in Medicare can receive incentives for reporting various quality measures, a select number of which are aimed at those who want to report using EHRs.

Providers who become meaningful users of EHRs, as laid down by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), will also be eligible for incentive payments. A final rule on that is expected soon.

CMS has requested public comment on how it should integrate the two programs, included within a proposed rule about changes in Medicare physician payments for 2011 CMS expects to publish the proposed rule July 13.

"In an effort to align PQRI with the EHR incentive program, we propose to include many ARRA core clinical quality measures in the PQRI program, to demonstrate meaningful use of EHR and quality of care furnished to individuals," the proposed rule says.

Meaningful use measures that physicians could use for PQRI reporting through electronic health records include such things as blood pressure measurement for hypertension, body mass index screening and prevention care follow up, and drugs to be avoided in the elderly, according to CMS.

You can find a copy of the proposed rule here.

"CMS to two align quality reporting programs," Healthcare IT News (June 29, 2010).

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Breaches are not always caused by lost laptops or hackers.  They often result from simple errors by the hospital's or another provder's own staff.  In a very recent example, the California Department of Public Health found two instances of serious mishandling of protected patient information at Children's Hospital of Orange County.  Via Orange County Register:

In the first instance, the state found that after a doctor called to give the hospital a new fax number, patient records were instead sent to an auto business. Six faxes with health care information were picked up from the business, the report says.

A month later, the auto shop again notified the hospital that it had received a fax with a patient's name, date of birth and details of visits. The hospital discovered that the wrong fax number had not been changed in a data base.

Hospital staff said the breach would have been prevented if a test fax had been sent as required by hospital policy, the report said.

The other privacy breach occurred when the name of an emergency room patient's doctor was incorrectly entered into the system. Records were then faxed to the wrong doctor who notified the hospital.

CHOC is auditing its database to make sure information is accurate.

It is not clear whether CDPH is going to impose a fine on CHOC like the agency did earlier this month to five different hospitals. Regardless, this episode should serve as a great reminder for healthcare providers about how simple mistakes can lead to costly and highly embarrassing data breaches, especially in instances where the provider fails to adhere to its own privacy policy. 

"State blames CHOC in wrong-site surgery," Orange County Register (June 25, 2010).

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On June 18, 2010, the Office of National Coordinator for Health IT issued a final rule, 45 CFR Part 170, establishing a temporary EHR certification program for the purposes of testing and certifying health information technology.

The National Coordinator will utilize the temporary certification program to authorize organizations to test and certify Complete Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and/or EHR Modules, thereby making Certified EHR
Technology available prior to the date on which health care providers seeking incentive payments available under the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs may begin demonstrating meaningful use of Certified EHR Technology.

You can find the new final rule here.

You can find ONC's "Fact Sheet" and Q&A regarding certification here.

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The number of reported health information breaches is growing rapidly: 32 breaches were reported on the OCR web site from September 2009 to February 2010, but the number almost tripled, to 93 breaches, by June 11, 2010.  Such significant increases in reported breaches may be attributed to the notification and reporting requirements in the HITECH Act, which went into effect this year.  We cannot possibly report or list all of the relevant breaches, but we would like to highlight a few important ones:

• On May 28, 2010, Cincinnati.com reported that “Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center is beefing up its computer security after a laptop computer containing more than 61,000 patient records was stolen.”  Information lost included not only PHI, but also Social Security numbers and even credit card data.  The records on the laptop were password protected, but they were not encrypted.  The hospital reported the breach, hired a consulting company to deal with same, and offered affected individuals ID theft protection at no charge.  The cost of this breach has already been extremely high, but it could be even higher if credit card companies go after Children's Hospital for losses associated with loss of improperly stored credit card information. 

• Five hospitals in California were fined a combined total of $675,000 by the California Department of Public Health for patient privacy violations, failing to prevent unauthorized access to confidential patient medical information of 245 patients, which were improperly accessed by a total of 32 employees.  On June 10, 2010, Press-Enterprise reported that the Community Hospital of San Bernardino was fined by the state of California a total of $325,000 for breaches of more than 200 patient records by two employees in 2009.  Violations were significant, but, considering the fine, far from gruesome.

Please click here to read more.

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Via Health Leaders Media:

OCR will release proposed rules later this month [or 'about two weeks or around June 26th'] on most of the HIPAA privacy and security-related provisions in HITECH, according to the North Carolina Healthcare Information and Communications Alliance (NCHICA).

<...> NCHICA reports the proposed rules will not include accounting for disclosures, which will be the subject of a separate proposed rule. The NPRM will also include clarification regarding "willful neglect" (penalty tiers).

Currently, that represents the most egregious breach of unsecured PHI and can include a penalty of at least $1.5 million under new HITECH tiers in the enforcement final rule.

The state alliance also reports state attorneys general (SAG) are "developing training programs, including information for SAG staff, covered entities and business associates regarding HIPAA requirements and processes for filings with HHS, based on lessons learned from the first AG filing in Connecticut." Under HITECH, state AGs can pursue lawsuits for HIPAA violations, and Connecticut's AG was the first to do so.

OCR is expected to begin its HITECH-required compliance audits next year, the alliance reports. OCR's audits will be outsourced because its resources are limited, according to the e-mail.

"Much remains to be decided," Susan McAndrew, JD, deputy director for Health Information Privacy, for OCR, said in the "Quiz the Regulator" session on June 7.

"State Alliance: Proposed HITECH Regulations Coming in Two Weeks," Health Leaders Media (June 15, 2010).

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On June 7, 2010, Maryland's Lt. Governor Anthony Brown announced that the Office of National Coordinator for Health IT approved Maryland's State Health IT plan, allowing the state to move forward to implement a functional health information exchange (HIE).  According to the Washington Business Journal, ONC will release $25 million in ARRA funds to Maryland, to be used in connection with the state's HIE:

Proponents of the exchange say it will cut costs and improve health care quality by streamlining the transfer of electronic health data between hospitals, physicians and patients.

The Chesapeake Regional Information System for our Patients, the nonprofit tasked with implementing the exchange, has already begun work with $10 million in state money. The federal approval leaves the plan's funding "fully unrestricted," said CRISP Program Director Scott Afzal, allowing them to broaden the goals of the exchange and engage more hospitals. Much of their work lies in finding health care providers to sign on to the exchange when there is no state or federal legal requirement to do so, according to Afzal.

'We have to show a value proposition to connect,' he said.

The project is estimated to cost roughly $20 million, although it will be scoped to available funding.

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Allscripts and Eclipsys announced a $1.3 billion merger, which some analysts tout as a match "made in heaven" due to Allscripts's strength in the ambulatory space and Eclipsys's strength on the acute side.  The merger is expected to be completed in four to six months; the combined company will have around 5,500 employees.  The merger will also pose some challenges for the combined entity, with some customers worrying that the merger will distract management from dealing with existing issues.  However, analysts believe that Allscripts's smooth merger with Misys in 2008 is a good sign that this merger with Eclipsys will succeed.

Both companies are looking to capitalize on the projected exponential growth in adoption of health IT, in part due to the incentives created by ARRA.  According to the Congressional Budget Office, adoption of electronic health records by physician practices is expected to increase from 12% in 2011 to 90% by 2019. 

This merger is yet another sign of future consolidation in the healthcare industry, both on the vendor side, and on the provider side, as enterprises try to minimize costs and maximize revenue in the ever-changing and often uncertain business environment.

"Allscripts-Eclipsys: 'A match made in heaven' - mostly," Healthcare IT News (June 10, 2010).

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Upon request from members of Congress, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has once again pushed back the enforcement of the Red Flags Rule, this time until December 31, 2010.  This is the fifth such delay by the FTC.  Via FTC press release:

The Rule became effective on January 1, 2008, with full compliance for all covered entities originally required by November 1, 2008. The Commission has issued several Enforcement Policies delaying enforcement of the Rule. Most recently, the Commission announced in October 2009 that at the request of certain Members of Congress, it was delaying enforcement of the Rule until June 1, 2010, to allow Congress time to finalize legislation that would limit the scope of business covered by the Rule. Since then, the Commission has received another request from Members of Congress for another delay in enforcement of the Rule beyond June 1, 2010.

The Commission urges Congress to act quickly to pass legislation that will resolve any questions as to which entities are covered by the Rule and obviate the need for further enforcement delays. If Congress passes legislation limiting the scope of the Red Flags Rule with an effective date earlier than December 31, 2010, the Commission will begin enforcement as of that effective date.

We have recently reported on the AMA and other medical associations suing the FTC over applicability of the Rule to healthcare providers.  There was no mention of the AMA's claims or law suit in the press release.

You can read the full press release here.

"FTC Extends Enforcement Deadline for Identity Theft Red Flags Rule," FTC Press Release (May 28, 2010).

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A new survey by the Ponemon Institute, an organization dedicated to advancing responsible information and privacy management practices, found that almost all surveyed organizations did not substantially comply with HIPAA, including as modified by the HITECH Act.  The survey was conducted in November 2009, but, according to Ponemon, the results are not supposed to have changed much. 

Ponemon Institute's survey of 77 healthcare organizations, including 42 covered entities and 35 business associates, found (via BNA):

• 27 percent of the health care organizations had not started and were “barely aware” of what was required;
• 32 percent of the organizations were waiting for more details;
• 14 percent of organizations surveyed had a plan but were waiting for more details on the requirements;
• 21 percent of the organizations surveyed were just beginning to act on becoming compliant;
• 79 percent of organizations do not regularly have the required independent assessment or audit of their program to determine adequacy; and
• 57 percent reported having known deficiencies for privacy or security.

You can find the full survey here.

"Study Finds Majority of Health Care Entities Not Compliant with HIPAA, HITECH Provisions," BNA Health IT Law & Industry Report (May 24, 2010).

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Just days prior to the latest enforcement deadline of the Red Flags Rule ("RFR"), medical and osteopathic associations sued the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) over the applicability of RFR's identity theft prevention requirements to their member organizations.  FTC is to begin enforcement of the Rule on June 1, 2010.  Among other claims, medical associations are seeking the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to prevent the FTC from defining healthcare providers as "creditors" under FACTA.  According to Health Data Management:

'The worst part is, I think, from a strictly ethical point of view, that you have to approach every new patient with suspicion about their identity,' said AMA spokesman Robert Mills. 'That violates every precept of the physician-patient relationship; the FTC is asking doctors to violate their role as trusted healer and counselor.'

The physician groups say that the rule requires them to set up identity theft prevention and detection programs, which aren't necessary, and said the FTC was 'arbitrary and capricious' in extending the application of the law to them. Also, the extension of the Red Flag Rule to doctors would do nothing to improve care, the physician groups say.

<...> According to the lawsuit, complying with the Red Flags Rule 'imposes significant burdens on physicians, particularly sole practitioners, and those practicing in small groups.'

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The Wall Street Journal devoted the front page of its "Marketplace" section to a report on Facebook's struggles with privacy advocates, regulators like FTC, and, at times, even its own employees.

The company can't afford not to act. The Federal Trade Commission is taking a close look at how online social networks are using people's data, and people close to the matter say it is increasingly focused on Facebook. <...>

A group of senators led by Sen. Charles Schumer (D., N.Y.) called on Facebook to roll back the changes and more than a dozen privacy groups lodged a complaint with the FTC on grounds that Facebook was displaying user information without their consent.

Facebook faces a herculean task of keeping personal information of its 500 million subscribers private and secure.  Privacy is a major stumbling block for this young company, which hopes to earn billions in ad revenues by using the private data it collects from its subscribers. 

Facebook must clearly articulate to its subscribers the privacy risks and security settings available to them; but, ultimately -- as the clever someecard, above, suggests -- the best way to ensure the privacy of one's personal information is not to share it with the world, via Facebook or any other online social networking site.

"Facebook Grapples With Privacy Issues,"  Wall Street Journal (May 19, 2010).

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According to Health Data Management, Susan McAndrew, deputy director for privacy at the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office for Civil Rights (OCR) announced at a recent conference that OCR added investigators to 10 regional offices in order to boost enforcement of HIPAA privacy and security rules. 

On August 3, 2009, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius transferred the responsibility for HIPAA Security Rule enforcement from CMS to OCR, which is now tasked with enforcement of both the HIPAA Security Rule and the HIPAA Privacy Rule.

While the transition from CMS to OCR "took longer than expected," Ms. McAndrew believes that OCR is finally in a position to increase enforcement efforts in order to realize the privacy and security initiatives enacted last year pursuant to the HITECH Act.

We’re hoping to move security to the forefront and make it a real partner with privacy in our enforcement... [and] that with additional feet on the ground, we’ll be able to do many more security cases as the year moves forward.

"OCR Boosting Security Enforcement," Health Data Management (May 12, 2010).

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Back in January, we wrote about Huping Zhou, a former employee at the UCLA Healthcare System, who pleaded guilty to federal charges of breaches of patient privacy.  Zhou, 48, accessed the UCLA patient records system 323 times during the three-week period, mostly looking for the files of celebrities, after being let go by the hospital. Names of targeted celebrities have not been revealed.

On April 27, 2010, Zhou was sentenced to four months in prison after pleading guilty to four misdemeanor counts of HIPAA violations. Zhou is the first person ever sentenced to prison for violating HIPAA.  According to NBC Los Angeles:

Federal officials say Zhou is a licensed cardiothoracic surgeon in China. In 2003, he went to work for UCLA as a researcher with the UCLA School of Medicine. But his tenure was short and stormy. School officials notified him that he would be dismissed in October that year, and that's when federal officials say the snooping began.

In his plea agreement, Zhou admitted his actions, and that he had no legitimate reason for accessing the records. Federal authorities say there's no evidence that he did it for profit. Apparently, he just did it because he could.

"Former UCLA Healthcare Worker Sentenced to Prison for Snooping, " NBC Los Angeles (April 28, 2010).

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• HHS's Office of Civil Rights (OCR) filed a notice in the Federal Register lifting a requirement preventing OCR from posting names of sole practitioners who suffer breaches of patient data without first obtaining consent from such practitioners.  Pursuant to the HITECH Act, any covered entity reporting a breach affecting over 500 individuals must report such breach to HHS, and HHS will post a notice of such breach on its web site.  At the same time, HHS did not post names of individual physician practices (e.g., sole practitioners) without such physicians' consent because they deemed the name of the physician to be protected under the Privacy Act of 1974. Instead, HHS listed such breaches under "private practice."  However, OCR announced on April 16, 2010, that "it will begin posting on its breach notification web site the names of entities they consider "individuals" regardless of whether or not those entities give consent." According to HealthLeaders Media, the rule will become effective after the comment period closes (about May 23, 2010).

• Government Health IT reports that OCR will issue more privacy and security rules mandated by the HITECH Act in May 2010, including rules regarding business associate liability; new limitations on the sale of protected health information, marketing, and fundraising communications; and stronger individual rights to access electronic medical records and restrict the disclosure of certain information.  According to HHS, "OCR continues work on a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) regarding these provisions. Although the effective date (February 17, 2010) for many of these HITECH Act provisions has passed, the NPRM and the final rule that follows will provide specific information regarding the expected date of compliance and enforcement of these new requirements."

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Courtesy of the American Health Lawyers Association:

On April 15, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the "Continuing Extension Act of 2010" (Public Law 111-157). Section 5 of the Act contains "EHR Clarification" provisions which amend the definition of "hospital based eligible professional" that was created under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). As background, ARRA created incentives for the adoption and meaningful use of certified electronic health record (EHR) technology. However, the ARRA additions to the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4) contained a limitation providing, in part, that no incentive payments would be made for these hospital-based eligible professionals.

This term was originally defined to include any professional who furnishes substantially all of the relevant services in a hospital "setting (whether inpatient or outpatient)."1 The new EHR Clarification provisions amend the ARRA definition/exclusion to only apply to a professional who furnishes substantially all of the relevant services in a hospital "in-patient or emergency room setting."2 The effect of this amended definition is that physicians practicing in an outpatient hospital setting are not excluded from and are now eligible to participate in the ARRA Medicare/Medicaid incentive programs.

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On April 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal published two fascinating articles on health information technology issues.  In "Can Technology Cure Health Health Care?" author Jacob Goldstein examined the complexities and major risks of adopting electronic medical records.  Goldstein also suggested a few high-level policies necessary to combat such risks, including designing the software with patient care in mind (rather than focusing on billing and other administrative tasks); customizing the software to fit the unique needs of one's organization; and taking the time to implement the EMR in a carefully crafted, staged manner. 

The last recommendation seems to be indeed crucial to a successful EMR implementation, but it will likely put many healthcare providers trying to capitalize on HITECH incentive payments in a peculiar situation.  Such providers must carefully balance their need to achieve "meaningful use" in a short time frame, while preventing as many disruptions to patient care as possible.

In "Breaking Down the Barriers," Laura Landro examined the state of regional health organizations (RHIOs) and health information exchanges (HIEs). While RHIO/HIE's are still rare, the number of such electronic patient data exchanges grows every day.  In fact, according to the Journal, the number of RHIO/HIE's increased by 57% since last year.  Such exchanges are also likely to benefit from HITECH Act funding distributed by HHS. 

There is an interesting nexus between these two articles:  interoperability and exchange.  A successful widespread adoption of EMR technology seems to depend upon different EMRs talking to each other, and different - including competing - healthcare providers exchanging patient information.  While EMRs may only marginally improve patient care in each individual hospital, they are likely to have a far greater impact as part of a nationwide health information exchange.

"Can Technology Cure Health Care?" Wall Street Journal (April 13, 2010).

"Breaking Down the Barriers," Wall Street Journal (April 13, 2010).

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In a letter to Dr. David Blumenthal, the College of Healthcare Information Executives (CHIME), an organization which represents1,400 healthcare chief information officers, offered some criticism of ONC's recent notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) regarding the EHR certification program.  While CHIME expressed general support for a two-stage approach for creating the certifying bodies, the CIO's are worried about any destabilizing effects such rule may have on the health IT market.  Via Healthcare IT News:

We are very concerned that the introduction of a two-stage approach for certification will prolong the current instability in the health IT marketplace, which exists because of the un-finalized status of meaningful use and certification regulations," CHIME wrote. "The introduction of two separate certification schemes – one temporary and one permanent – carries a risk of continuing the uncertainty and promoting needless product replacement in the marketplace.

CHIME issued a few recommendations to combat such uncertainty, which you can find after the jump.

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• A group of 37 U.S. Senators sent a letter to HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius expressing concern regarding the current definition of meaningful use.  The senators urged the Secretary to "allow providers to 'temporarily defer a limited set of IT goals' without otherwise changing the ultimate timeline or requirements of the program."  The senators also sought to change the eligibility determination based on Medicare provider numbers, considering many healthcare providers have multiple medical campuses under one such Medicare number.  According to Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT), such changes would "improve the guidelines HHS has set in way that will encourage widespread use of basic, functional IT tools and improve patient care.”

• HHS released over $267 million from the stimulus funds to help 28 non-profit Regional Extension Centers (RECs).  This latest award brought the total of stimulus-funded RECs to 60, and is expected to support 100,000 primary care and hospitals within 2 years.  According to Secretary Sebelius, these 28 awards "represent [HHS's] ongoing commitment to make sure that health providers have the necessary support within their communities to maximize the use of health IT to improve the care they provide to their patients."  

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HealthImaging.com reported yesterday that a Connecticut radiologist, previously affiliated with the Griffin Hospital in Derby, Conn. "accessed patient radiology reports on the hospital's PACS using the passwords of other radiologists and an employee within the radiology department. The passwords were obtained and/or used without their knowledge." From HealthImaging.com:

From the investigation conducted by Griffin, it appears the radiologist who gained unauthorized access scanned the PACS directory listings of 957 patients who had radiology studies performed at Griffin during the period and selected and downloaded the image files of 339 of these patients.

On and after Feb. 26, Griffin received inquiries on behalf of patients regarding unsolicited contact by the physician who offered to perform professional services at another area hospital despite the patients' interest in having those services provided at Griffin. The inquiries prompted the investigation that revealed unauthorized intrusions into Griffin's PACS and, thereby, the breach of protected patient health information.

This should serve as a reminder for healthcare providers regarding maintaining the safeguards necessary to prevent wrongful access to patient data.  For example, and there is no indication that this is what occurred in this case, clinicians and other hospital staff should not keep their system passwords on sticky notes next to or on their monitors.  Even if you believe that everyone in your office is fully trustworthy, you never know who can get a hold of such restricted information as usernames and passwords.  The reputational and financial damage to your organization could be very substantial; and your contract with the PACS system vendor is unlikely to indemnify or protect you from such losses.

"Radiologist breaches data, images of nearly 1,000 patients via PACS," HealthImaging.com (March 31, 2010).

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The Office of National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) published on its web site a white paper analyzing the policies behind obtaining consent for the purposes of electronic health information exchange.  The paper examined the concept of patient control of their health information, focusing on "the issues, nuanced considerations, and possible tradeoffs associated with the various consent options to help facilitate informed decision making."  While the paper was written by researchers at the George Washington University, under contract with ONC, ONC clearly stated in the preamble that this white paper does not actually represent the views of the ONC or HHS.

You can find the full paper (and the attachments) by clicking here.  You can view the executive summary by clicking here.

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On March 24, 2010, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) released its interim final rule allowing electronic prescriptions of controlled substances.  According to the DEA, e-prescribing of controlled substances will help reduce paperwork, prescription fraud and errors.  Patients are also quite likely to be pleased by this more convenient and accurate way of filling their prescriptions.

According to Healthcare IT News, "ONC, CMS, AHRQ and other HHS staff have worked closely with the [DEA] to develop the policies in the Interim Final Rule."

The Interim Final Rule is classified as a "major rule" and is therefore subject to Congressional review.  The Rule will be published in the Federal Register on March 31, 2010, but you can preview the unofficial version here.

You can also download the unofficial version of the Rule by clicking here.

"E-Rx of controlled substances Interim Final Rule available," Healthcare IT News (March 25, 2010).

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• Javelin Strategy & Research survey found over 275,000 cases of medical identity theft in 2009, with an average price tag greater than $12,000 per incident.  This is twice as many cases as in 2008.  Keeping health information safe is going to be of paramount importance in the next decade, especially considering the steep rise in use of electronic health records. According to Computerworld.com (citing a study by IDC, a research firm), "about a quarter of all Americans -- 77 million people -- already have an EHR, up from 14% from in 2009." By 2015, experts believe the number will reach up to 60%, partially due to the transformation of the health IT industry by the HITECH Act.

• In its comments to CMS regarding the meaningful use NPRM, College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME) insisted that the present "all or nothing" approach to achieving meaningful use is going to prevent significant numbers of eligible providers from receiving any incentive payments under the HITECH Act.  According to American Medical News:

Among CHIME's suggestions: a gradual implementation process that would allow physicians to qualify for incentives by achieving 25% of meaningful use objectives by 2011, 50% by 2013, 75% by 2015, and 100% by 2017.

'Without an approach that rewards progress or provides sufficient time, organizations with limited resources will likely have little chance of qualifying for payments, thus widening the 'digital divide' in the country,' CHIME wrote.

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Last Thursday, March 18, 2010, from 1:00PM to 2:00PM (EDT), Post & Schell hosted the second webinar in a series examining the effects of meaningful use and other HITECH Act regulations on the healthcare industry. 

The webinar focused on identifying and negotiating the essential elements of HIT agreements, particularly in light of the HITECH Act and related HHS regulations regarding "meaningful use" of "certified EHR technology." Post & Schell's Steve Fox and Vadim Schick, along with Jim Oakes, Principal at Health Care Information Consultants, discussed:

• Warranty, limitation of liability and privacy and security provisions in HIT contracts
• Structuring payments to correspond with certain achievement milestones
• Acceptance testing procedures
• Provisions specific to vendor-financing transactions
• ASP / SaaS models of software licensing

If you missed the presentation, you can listen to the podcast here. You can also view the slides from our presentation here.

This webinar was the second in a series devoted to structuring vendor-provider agreements in the post-HITECH Act world. If you missed our first webinar, A Lawyer's Take on "Meaningful Use," you can still view the slides from that presentation here.

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In a much-anticipated move, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) within the Department of Health and Human Services has issued an update regarding delays of certain HITECH provisions, while confirming enforcement of others.  Via OCR press release:

OCR will implement important privacy and security provisions of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act through notice and comment rulemaking, as required by the Administrative Procedure Act. These provisions include: business associate liability; new limitations on the sale of protected health information, marketing, and fundraising communications; and stronger individual rights to access electronic medical records and restrict the disclosure of certain information. OCR continues work on a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) regarding these provisions. Although the effective date (February 17, 2010) for many of these HITECH Act provisions has passed, the NPRM and the final rule that follows will provide specific information regarding the expected date of compliance and enforcement of these new requirements.

However, interim final rules implementing HITECH Act provisions in two areas have already been issued and are currently in effect: enforcement and breach notification. New civil money penalty amounts apply to HIPAA Privacy and Security Rule violations occurring after February 17, 2009. Covered entities and business associates must comply now with breach notification obligations for breaches that are discovered on or after September 23, 2009. OCR announced previously that it would use its enforcement discretion not to impose fiscal sanctions with regard to breaches discovered before February 22, 2010. Since that date has passed, OCR will enforce the Breach Notification Interim Final Rule, including with the possible imposition of sanctions, as it does with the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rule requirements.

You can find about more here.

"HITECH Act Rulemaking and Implementation Update," OCR Press Release (March 18, 2010).

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ONC announced release of the much-anticipated Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on certification programs.  Via ONC Press Release:

Certification of Health IT will provide assurance to purchasers and other users that an EHR system, or other relevant technology, offers the necessary technological capability, functionality, and security to help them meet the meaningful use criteria established for a given phase. Providers and patients must also be confident that the electronic health IT products and systems they use are secure, can maintain data confidentially, and can work with other systems to share information. Confidence in health IT systems is an important part of advancing health IT system adoption and allowing for the realization of the benefits of improved patient care.

Eligible professionals and eligible hospitals who seek to qualify for incentive payments under the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs are required by statute to use Certified EHR Technology. Once certified, Complete EHRs and EHR Modules would be able to be used by eligible professionals and eligible hospitals, or be combined, to meet the statutory requirement for Certified EHR Technology.
 

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As of February 22, 2010, HHS is expected to begin enforcing the new breach notification requirements created by the privacy and security provisions within the HITECH Act.  Although such requirements went into effect last fall, HHS gave covered entities and business associates a few months to adapt to the new rules.  That enforcement delay is now over, and, perhaps in a related move, on February 23, 2010, HHS's Office of Civil Rights, pursuant to the HITECH Act, posted a list of organizations which reported breaches of unsecured protected health information affecting 500 or more individuals on OCR's web site.  This should serve as a good reminder to providers and HIT vendors alike to be keenly aware of the new regulations on breach notification.

The HITECH Act required a covered entity that “accesses, maintains, retains, modifies, records, stores, destroys, or otherwise holds, uses, or discloses unsecured protected health information” to notify each individual “whose unsecured protected health information has been, or is reasonably believed by the covered entity to have been, accessed, acquired, or disclosed” due to the breach.  Business associates who discover a breach must notify the covered entity. 

By regulation published in the Federal Register on August 24, 2009, HHS added a rather controversial  "harm threshold" to this requirement:  covered entities and business associates are required to notify the affected individual, the HHS, and, in some cases, the media, if such breach poses a significant risk of harm to the individual.  This "harm threshold" essentially requires the organization which discovers a breach to undergo a risk assessment test to determine whether a breach would cause "significant harm" to the affected person.

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Here are the slides from  our February 25, 2010 Webinar on Meaningful Use.  This webinar was first in a series, and focused on the critical definition of "meaningful use" of "certified EHR technology," as described in proposed regulations released and published by CMS pursuant to the HITECH Act on January 13, 2009.  Steve and I discussed:

• Key policy goals and objectives behind meaningful use

• Measures required to achieve meaningful use

• Structure of incentive payments under Medicare and Medicaid

• Eligibility requirements for professionals and hospitals

Our next webinar, to be held on Thursday March 18, 2010, from 1:00 to 2:00 PM, will focus on how to negotiate software and EHR licensing agreements and other transactional issues with respect to dealing with health IT vendors.

For more information, please contact me at vschick@postschell.com or 202-661-6945.

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Pursuant to the HITECH Act, on February 17, 2010, business associates of covered entities became subject to the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules, including provisions regarding implementation of various safeguards to secure protected health information.  As Steve Fox pointed out in a recent report on the subject by the Pittsburgh Business Journal, it is highly unlikely that most companies are ready to comply with these dramatic changes.

However, according to Hunton & Williams's privacy blog, Adam Greene of the HHS Office of Civil Rights (OCR) stated at an ABA conference on February 18, 2010, that OCR will delay enforcement of this provision of the HITECH Act until the relevant regulations are finalized.  OCR itself did not publish a press release on the subject, and we were unable to reach Mr. Greene for comment.

Regardless of OCR's intent to enforce compliance, the business associate provisions in the HITECH Act went into effect last week.  We would strongly encourage all covered entities and business associates to take all necessary actions to comply with the new law.

"Privacy policies over electronic health records expand reach," Pittsburgh Business Journal (February 19, 2010).

"HHS Delays Enforcement of HITECH Act Business Associate Provisions," Privacy & Information Security Law Blog (February 19, 2010).

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On Thursday, February 25, 2010 from 1:00PM to 2:00PM (EST), Steve Fox and yours truly will host a free webinar, the first in a series, which will focus on the critical definition of "meaningful use" of "certified EHR technology," as described in proposed regulations released and published by CMS pursuant to the HITECH Act on January 13, 2009.  We will discuss:

• Key policy goals and objectives behind meaningful use

• Measures required to achieve meaningful use

• Structure of incentive payments under Medicare and Medicaid

• Eligibility requirements for professionals and hospitals

You may view each of these presentations at your desk. There is no charge or limit to the number of people who may listen to each presentation on the same line. Click here to register. After registering, you will receive log-in information by e-mail.

Our next webinar, to be held on Thursday March 18, 2010, from 1:00 to 2:00 PM, will focus on how to negotiate software and EHR licensing agreements and other transactional issues with respect to dealing with health IT vendors.

For more information, please contact me at vschick@postschell.com or 202-661-6945.

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Joy Pritts, a researcher and faculty member at Georgetown University's Health Policy Institute, was named as the first Chief Privacy Officer for the Office of National Coordinator for Health IT.  This position was created pursuant to a provision in ARRA, last year's economic stimulus legislation.

In her new position, Ms. Pritts will advise Dr. Blumenthal on forming policies on privacy, security and data stewardship of electronic health information, as well as coordinate similar efforts on state, federal and international levels.

Ms. Pritts is a graduate of Oberlin College and Case Western Reserve University School of Law.  She has testified before Congress on data privacy issues, and served as a member of Technical Advisory Panel for the multi-state Health Information Security and Privacy Collaborative (HISPC) and on the board of the National Governors Association’s State Alliance for e-Health.

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According to the Washington Post, more than 75,000 computer systems at over 2,500 companies across the world have been hacked in possibly the largest and extremely sophisticated cross-border cyber attack.  The perpetrators appear to be non-state entities operating out of Eastern Europe.  

They lured employees of targeted companies to open attachments containing malware or malicious software ("bots") which track down login and password information stored on those systems.  Experts believe that such login credentials -- which include online banking user information -- are valuable to such hackers.

The attack mostly affected businesses in the United States, Egypt, Mexico, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.  Wall Street Journal named Merck and Cardinal Health among the companies affected.

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According to American Medical News (AMN), a new report by Manhattan Research states that online communications by physicians have increased by 14% since 2006.  The survey of 1900 physicians found that 39% of physicians use online communication tools such as email, secure messaging, or instant messaging.

Dermatologists lead all other surveyed practices in the volume of online communications, which, according to Girish Munavalli, MD, assistant professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, can be attributed to "a lot of triage calls and calls for clarification of instructions" which come from dermatologists' large patient volumes. "This is perfect for short e-mail communication and reminders," added Dr. Munavalli.

Dermatologists are followed by oncologists, neurologists, endocrinologists, infectious disease specialists, and primary care physicians.

Of course, certain obstacles remain.  Some doctors abstain from using such technology because of liability worries, while many patients prefer in-person meetings because of concerns regarding privacy of their health information.  Still, the report suggests that this increase may be due to the growing comfort level and acceptance of online communication between physicians and patients.  And it may even indicate a larger trend of greater familiarity and use of other health-related technologies, such as EMRs and personal health records.

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HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, appearing with Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, announced the Obama administration will release almost $1 billion set aside in the stimulus bill in order to aid implementation of health information technology.

Secretary Sebelius announced $386 million in grants to advance widespread adoption of EHRs at the state level, including for health information exchanges (HIEs).  HHS also awarded $375 million to 32 nonprofits for Regional Extension Centers which assist providers in updating their medical record systems and train workers on such new technologies.

Secretary Solis announced around $225 million to support 55 job-training programs in 30 states which is expected to train around 15,000 people in the health records technology.

The Obama administration expects to help more than 100,000 health-care providers set up electronic medical records for their patients by 2014.

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Following up on his letter to health IT companies last fall, Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) sent a letter to 31 hospitals in the United States to inquire about each hospital's experience with purchasing and implementing health information technology.  According to Healthcare IT News:

Grassley cites reports he’s heard about “difficulties and challenges associated with HIT implementation,” including “administrative complications,” “formatting and usability issues,” “computer errors stemming from the programs themselves,” and problems with “interoperability between programs.”

More specifically, he raises concerns that “when [providers] report such problems to their facilities and/or the product vendors, their concerns are sometimes ignored or dismissed.” Often, he writes, “this is attributed to alleged ‘gag orders’ or non-disclosure clauses in the HIT contract that prohibit health care providers and their facilities from sharing information outside of their facilities regarding product defects and other HIT product-related concerns."

You can find more about Sen. Grassley's letter to hospitals in his office's press release, which includes the full text of the letter.

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There is little doubt that the healthcare industry must prepare for a growing number of - and expanding costs associated with - data breaches, particularly for breaches of protected health information.  Here are just a few notable reports on this subject:

• Infosecurity.com reported on a striking increase in attempts to hack into healthcare organizations, while the rate of hacking in other economic sectors remained flat:  "the last quarter of [2009] saw an average of 13 400 attempts to hack healthcare organizations, compared to an average of 6,500 in the first nine months."  According to researchers at SecureWorks, which produced the graph above, healthcare organizations are particularly vulnerable to such attacks because they "have to provide access to many external networks and web applications so as to stay connected with their patients, employees, insurers and business partners. This increases their risk to cyber attacks."

• Cnet News reported on similar findings by the Ponemon Institute, whose survey concluded that "Data breaches at U.S. companies attributed to malicious attacks and botnets doubled from 2008 to 2009 and cost substantially more than breaches caused by human negligence or system glitches."  The cost per compromised record involving a criminal act averaged $215, about 40% higher than breaches from negligence and 30% higher than those from glitches, the Ponemon survey found.

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Ingenix, the technology unit of United Health Group, and Allscripts-Misys Healthcare Solutions joined Siemens, GE Healthcare and IBM in offering financing for purchasers of electronic medical record technology.   This continues the trend of vendors offering interest-free financing until healthcare providers receive the "meaningful use"  incentive payments or reimbursements under the HITECH Act.

While such offers may provide a solution to some of the credit and financing woes facing the healthcare industry, healthcare providers should be acutely aware of the many potential pitfalls and related issues inherent in vendor-financed deals, including: (1) additional pressure from vendors to accept their standard contractual terms and conditions, rather than engaging in full-blown contract negotiations, because vendors have much more leverage if they are also the creditor in the transaction; (2) failing to obtain necessary warranties and representations from vendors that their systems will comply with all relevant requirements under ARRA and the HITECH Act and will permit the provider to achieve meaningful use; (3) dealing with problems that may arise if either the vendor’s product fails to achieve applicable certification (e.g., CCHIT), is not “accepted” by the provider after completion of acceptance testing or the product does not enable the provider to achieve “meaningful use” in a timely manner, as well as a host of other issues.

Steve Fox and yours truly explore the issues around vendor financing of EHR system purchases in the latest issue of the Journal of Health Information Management, where we suggest recommended courses of action for healthcare providers considering acquiring HIT systems, including EMRs, by using vendor financing options.  A complimentary PDF copy of the article is available here.
 

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• According to LA Weekly, Huping Zhou, a former employee at the UCLA Healthcare System, pleaded guilty to federal charges of breaches of patient privacy.  Zhou, 48, accessed the UCLA patient records system 323 times during the three-week period, mostly looking for the files of celebrities, after being let go by the hospital. Names of targeted celebrities have not been revealed.  This case follows a similar breach at UCLA Medical Center, when Lawanda Jackson, a former nurse at the Center, plead guilty to wrongfully accessing information of Britney Spears and Farrah Fawcett.

• Delaware Online reports about a new unfortunate trend in medical identity theft -- searching for copies of discarded prescriptions:  "In the latest crime trend to hit Delaware, police are reporting that people looking for drugs such as Oxycontin and Vicodin are stalking customers who throw away prescription bags containing paperwork with details about their pills and themselves. They use the personal information to call in prescriptions and charge them to the victims' insurance. Then they turn around and sell the drugs."  According to Bruce DiVincenzo, chief agent of Delaware's Office of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs:

They're making their own scripts by ordering paper from the Internet," he said. "It's the patient's name that they want, because that person is actively listed as a customer of the pharmacy and will not raise suspicion."

Pharmacies like CVS and Happy Harry's (a subsidiary of Walgreens) take certain precautions to prevent such identity theft, including checking ID's before filling prescriptions and reminding customers to be careful with their receipts and copies of prescriptions.

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CMS released a proposed rule pursuant to the HITECH Act which includes the much-anticipated definition of Meaningful Use of Certified EHR technology.  You can find the full text here.*

HHS has also released an interim final rule with a request for comments to adopt an initial set of standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria, as required by section 3004(b)(1) of the Public Health Service Act. This interim final rule represents the first step in an incremental approach to adopting standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria to enhance the interoperability, functionality, utility, and security of health information technology and to support its meaningful use. The certification criteria adopted in this initial set establish the capabilities and related standards that certified electronic health record (EHR) technology will need to include in order to, at a minimum, support the achievement of the proposed meaningful use Stage 1 (beginning in 2011) by eligible professionals and eligible hospitals under the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs.  You can find this interim rule here.*

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Today the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) will announce two regulations that lay a foundation for improving quality, efficiency, and safety through meaningful use of electronic health record (EHR) technology.

The regulations will help implement the EHR incentive programs enacted under the Health Information Technology for Clinical and Economic Health (HITECH) Act, which was part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Public comments on both regulations are encouraged.

Join today’s call; details are listed below:

WHO:
--David Blumenthal, MD, MPP, national coordinator for health information technology
--Jonathan Blum, director, Center for Medicare Management
--Cindy Mann, director, Center for Medicaid and State Operations

WHAT:
Briefing for HITECH Partners and Stakeholders – Providers, HIT Industry Organizations

WHEN:
Today, Wednesday, Dec. 30, 2009, 5:15 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time

WHERE:
Toll-Free Dial: (800) 837-1935
Conference ID: 49047605
Pass Code: HITECH

Stay tuned for more updates and information on the HIMSS Meaningful Use Web site at http://bit.ly/5IdkDe . HIMSS will be posting a statement tomorrow.

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On the eve of HHS releasing the much-anticipated definition of "meaningful use," health IT divisions of GE and Siemens revealed new financing options for purchases of their EMR and other HIT products.

On December 16, 2009, Siemens followed IBM and GE in offering "a series of flexible financing solutions to help healthcare providers pursue meaningful use objectives and meet [HITECH Act] deadlines <...>  Featuring zero-percent interest terms for qualified customers, the solutions enable organizations to defer up-front payments associated with their technology investment while meeting criteria for future government incentive monies."

According to Fierce Healthcare:

To provide the greatest possible range of choices for customers, Siemens offers solutions from Siemens Financial Services, Inc. as well as from selected partners, including IBM Global Financing and 3-D Financial Services. These options allow customers to choose a customized financing solution that matches their individual technology acquisition roadmaps, business strategies, financial profiles, and technology needs. <...>

By bridging the gap between the project implementation and the receipt of ARRA incentive, Siemens will be providing its customers an option which allows them to optimize their cash flow while maximizing return on investment.

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Via Healthcare IT News:

The Certification Commission for Health Information Technology has certified 14 electronic health record products that pass muster for provider use under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA).

"We believe it will be a challenge for providers who have not yet begun to evaluate products to purchase and implement EHR technology and achieve meaningful use in time for the 2011-2012 incentives," said Alisa Ray, the CCHIT's executive director. "We have received more than 30 applications for our 2011 certification programs – more than half of which are for the comprehensive program – and are announcing new certifications regularly so providers can begin to consider EHR technology that demonstrates compliance with the proposed federal standards."

According to Ray, the Preliminary ARRA 2011 program is a modular, limited certification and inspects technology only against the federal standards. It offers flexibility for health IT companies, developers and providers in meeting ARRA 2011-2012 certification requirements.

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The Office of National Coordinator for Health IT named 17 members of the newly formed privacy and security workgroup of the HIT Policy Committee.  According to Government Health IT:

The work group will be co-chaired by Deven McGraw, director of the Health Privacy Project at the Center for Democracy and Technology, and Rachel Block, executive director of the New York eHealth Collaborative and deputy commissioner for health IT transformation at the New York State Department of Health.

Their team will advise the Policy Committee on such matters as how safeguards for the exchange of health information should fit into the “meaningful use” test for health IT incentives that ONC has been working on.

The ONC has previously announced the establishment of a separate workgroup devoted to creation of a national health information network, which, of course, will have to deal with its own set of privacy and security concerns.  There is also a privacy and security workgroup under the HIT Standards Committee.

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The new science of personalized medicine, a new report on the $232 billion personalized medicine industry by PriceWaterhouseCoopers, anticipates an annual 11% growth in this market.  Health IT and telemedicine are among the key drivers for personalized medicine. 

According to Healthcare IT News, the report's findings include:

• The core diagnostic and therapeutic segment of the market – made up primarily of pharmaceutical, medical device and diagnostics companies – is estimated at $24 billion and expected to grow by 10 percent annually, reaching $42 billion by 2015.
• The personalized medical care portion of the market – including telemedicine, health information technology and disease management services offered by traditional health and technology companies – is estimated at $4 billion to $12 billion and could grow to more than $100 billion by 2015 if telemedicine takes off.
• The related nutrition and wellness market – including retail, complementary and alternative medicines offered by consumer products, food and beverage, leisure and retail companies – is estimated at $196 billion and projected to grow 7 percent annually to more than $290 billion by 2015.

You can find the full report here.

"IT helps drive $232B personalized medicine market," Healthcare IT News (December 8, 2009).

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• In a letter to Dr. Blumenthal, the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) urged the ONC to define "meaningful use" in a practical and achievable way.  Otherwise, many providers could fail to qualify for the HITECH Act's incentives.  The MGMA is recommending, inter alia, instituting a pilot test prior to the start of the program and before each new phase of the program; including only criteria for meaningful use that have widespread industry use or have been tested; permitting physicians to test their reporting systems prior to their “go-live” date; permitting flexibility in achieving meaningful use and avoiding a “pass/fail” approach; developing a simple process for physicians to attest that they have achieved meaningful use; simplifying the data-reporting process and ensuring that the government is ready to accept the data; closely monitoring the industry to ensure that the program logistics operate appropriately; and ensuring government oversight of the vendor community for its ability to produce high-quality and reasonably priced software.

• A former Johns Hopkins hospital employee, Michelle Johnson, was sentenced to 18 months in prison and ordered to pay $200,000 in restitution for stealing patient information.  According to the Associated Press, Ms. Johnson, formerly a patient services coordinator, "provided a conspirator with names, Social Security numbers and other identifying information of more than 100 current and former patients of Johns Hopkins. That information was used to apply for credit. Johnson kept some of the fraudulently ordered merchandise for herself, including a computer monitor, a cordless phone, and clothes for herself and her children."

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This article serves as a great reminder about the importance of safeguarding your patients' data, both from thieves outside and, unfortunately, from within the organization.  Via Las Vegas Sun:

Private information about accident victims treated at University Medical Center has apparently been leaking for months, the Sun has learned, allegedly so ambulance-chasing attorneys could mine for clients.

Sources say someone at UMC is selling a compilation of the hospital’s daily registration forms for accident patients. This is confidential information — including names, birth dates, Social Security numbers and injuries — that could also be used for identity theft.

Hospital officials knew of rumors of the leaks since the summer, but doubted them until provided evidence Thursday by the Sun. Now they’re scrambling to catch up to a crisis that may affect hundreds, if not thousands, of patients.

The full article is available here.

"UMC has patient privacy leak," Las Vegas Sun (November 20, 2009).

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Health insurance provider Health Net reported a loss of a portable disk drive (which occurred six months ago).  The disk drive contained compressed, though not encrypted, data, including social security and bank account information, on nearly half a million persons. 

Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal was "outraged" the company waited this long to go public about this major data breach:

Health Net’s incomprehensible foot-dragging demonstrates shocking disregard for patients’ financial security, as well as loss of their highly sensitive and confidential personal health information <...> Personal information is like cash and should be guarded with equal care. Casual and cavalier attitudes toward data protection and breaches are intolerable and must stop.

This case provides yet another reminder about the importance of encrypting the sensitive and protected data, including PHI, in your possession.

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The New York Times reported on a new study led by Dr. Ashish Jha of the Harvard School of Public Health and Catherine M. DesRoches of Massachusetts General Hospital which found only marginal benefits to hospitals using electronic health records in terms of reducing costs and improving the quality of care.

The new study placed hospitals into three groups: those with full-featured electronic health records, those with more basic ones, and those without computerized records. It then looked at their performance on federally approved quality measures in the care of conditions like congestive heart failure and pneumonia, and in surgical infection prevention.

In the heart failure category, for example, the hospitals with advanced electronic records met best-practice standards 87.8 percent of the time; those with basic computer records, 86.7 percent; and those without, 85.9 percent. The differences in other categories were similarly slender.

Reducing the length of hospital stays, according to many experts, should be a big money-saving payoff from electronic health records — as better care aided by technology translates into less time spent in hospitals. For hospitals with full-featured digital records, the average length of stay was 5.5 days; for those with basic computer records, 5.7 days; and those without, 5.7 days.

The upside, if any? Dr. Karen Bell, a former HHS official, was not surprised by the findings and hopes that the real benefits will be achieved after use of EMRs is much more widespread:

'There will be no clear answers on the overall payoff from the wider use of electronic health records until we get further along, five years or more, said Dr. Bell, [now a] senior vice president for health information technology services at Masspro, a nonprofit group. “But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t go forward.'

"Little Benefit Seen, So Far, in Electronic Patient Records," New York Times (November 16, 2009).

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Our collaborator and friend James Oakes, a Principal at Health Care Information Consultants, LLC in Baltimore, Md., authored a wise and timely call for action for healthcare providers hoping to capitalize on the incentive payments for meaningful use of certified EHR technology included in the HITECH Act. 

The article, appearing in BNA's Health IT Law & Industry Report, argues that even though the HHS has yet to produce final regulations defining such key HITECH Act terms as "meaningful use" and "certified EHR technology," healthcare providers should not wait any longer to begin planning for the transition from paper to digital records, or the likely required updates to existing EHR systems:

Given the uncertainty surrounding these issues, a number of providers have elected to delay any action towards selecting and implementing an electronic health record (EHR) for their institution until answers are made available, reasoning that they want to know as much as possible before committing to a direction. However, providers who take this path may put themselves at risk for forfeiting eligibility for ARRA funds at all, given the time to execute and implement systems.

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A study conducted by the Commonwealth Fund, published in this month's issue of Health Affairs, found that physicians in the United States significantly lag behind their colleagues in Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand in several categories, including rates of adoptions of electronic medical records.  This study of more than 10,000 primary care physicians in 11 countries found that only 46% of U.S. doctors use electronic medical records, compared with almost universal EMR use among doctors in Australia (95%), Italy (94%), the Netherlands (99%), New Zealand (97%), Norway (97%), Sweden (94%), and the United Kingdom (96%).  Among other HIT-related findings, the study concluded that:

<...> among the seven countries with near-universal EMRs, the majority of physicians reported electronic access to lab results, yet fewer than half of Dutch, Norwegian, and U.K. doctors can order tests electronically. Across countries, most doctors with EMRs reported electronic clinical notes, routine electronic prescribing, and computerized alerts about potential problems with drug doses or interactions (except in Norway). Answers varied for other functions.

Decision support appears generally less well developed. Computerized reminders for treatment guidelines, tracking laboratory tests, and prompts to provide patients with test results were the least frequently reported, including in countries with multifunctional capacity. Notably, the seven countries with near-universal EMRs have succeeded in spreading multifunctional capacity to smaller as well as larger practices. Their national policies and standards have supported spread of multifunctional capacity. In contrast, U.S. multifunctional capacity remains concentrated in larger practices. Half of U.S. practices with high-function capacity were associated with integrated care systems such as Kaiser.

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Pursuant to the HITECH Act, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released interim final regulations updating enforcement rules for violations of HIPAA.  As reported in Healthcare IT News:

Prior to the HITECH Act, the penalty could be no more than $100 for each violation or $25,000 for all identical violations of the same provision.

A healthcare provider, health plan or clearinghouse could also bar the secretary's imposition of a civil money penalty by demonstrating that it did not know that it violated the HIPAA rules.

Section 13410(d) of the HITECH Act strengthened the enforcement by establishing tiered ranges of increasing minimum penalty amounts, with a maximum penalty of $1.5 million for all violations of an identical provision. A covered entity can no longer bar the imposition of a civil money penalty for an unknown violation unless it corrects the violation within 30 days of discovery.

The interim final rule with request for comments, published last week, conforms the HIPAA enforcement regulations to the revisions made by the HITECH Act. This rule will become effective on Nov. 30. HHS will consider all comments received by Dec. 29.

You can find the full text of the rule is here.

"HIPAA violators could face fines up to $1.5M," Healthcare IT News (November 2, 2009).

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In a fairly predictable move, the Federal Trade Commission delayed enforcement of the Red Flags Rule until June 1, 2010, for financial institutions and creditors subject to enforcement by the FTC.  According to the FTC press release, the Commission decided to extend the enforcement deadline at the request of the members of U.S. Congress.

However, in the press release, the FTC reminded us about the progress its staff has made in the last year in providing businesses subject to the Red Flags Rule with sufficient guidance and materials:

The Commission staff has continued to provide guidance to entities within its jurisdiction, both through materials posted on the dedicated Red Flags Rule Web site (www.ftc.gov/redflagsrule), and in speeches and participation in seminars, conferences and other training events to numerous groups. The Commission also published a compliance guide for business, and created a template that enables low risk entities to create an identity theft program with an easy-to-use online form. FTC staff has published numerous general and industry-specific articles, released a video explaining the Rule, and continues to respond to inquiries from the public. To assist further with compliance, FTC staff has worked with a number of trade associations that have chosen to develop model policies or specialized guidance for their members.

You can find the full text of the press release here.

"FTC Extends Enforcement Deadline for Identity Theft Red Flags Rule," FTC Press Release (October 30, 2009).

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According to the Wall Street Journal's Health Blog:

In letters sent earlier this month to 10 companies, [Senator Chuck] Grassley says that he’s “received complaints” about systems that allow doctors to enter medical orders by computer. (Here’s a copy of the letter.) This is a big deal these days because the stimulus bill provides billions of dollars in federal incentives to encourage doctors and hospitals to start using these sorts of systems.

Grassley asks the companies to send him copies of “complaints and/or concerns” that health-care providers have expressed about the systems. He wants to know whether the companies typically include legal provisions in their contracts that “shift responsibility for errors in the … systems to physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other health care providers.”

And he cites reports that contracts sometimes “include ‘gag orders,’ which prohibit health care providers from disclosing system flaws and software defects.” He asks the companies how many settlement agreements they’ve executed in the last 18 months.

So far, representatives of Cerner, McKesson and Allscripts indicated that they plan to cooperate with Sen. Grassley's request. 

You can find more information on Grassley's letters via the Washington Post, here.

You can see a copy of Grassley's letter to 3M here.

"Chuck Grassley Has a Few Questions for the Health IT Industry," Health Blog (October 26, 2009).

"Electronic medical records not seen as a cure-all," Washington Post (October 25, 2009).

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On July 20, 2009, Dr. Jay Holland and two hospital employees plead guilty to misdemeanor violations of the health information privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) based on their accessing records of a high-profile patient at the St. Vincent Infirmary Medical Center without any legitimate purpose. 

According to the FBI press release, the doctor has been sentenced to a $5,000 fine to be paid in 60 days, and 50 hours of community service educating professionals on HIPAA.  The two employees were sentenced to to one-year probation each, and a $2,500 fine for one and a $1,500 fine for another, both payable in installments.

The United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas stated that:

We hope that today’s sentencings send the message that the HIPAA protections apply to every person in the community, regardless of their position or stature. Likewise, the penalties for violating HIPAA apply equally to every person with access to protected health information.

"Doctor and Two Former Hospital Employees Sentenced for HIPAA Violations," FBI Press Release (October 26, 2009).

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In a remarkable 400-0 vote, the U.S. House of Representatives exempted dentists from the requirements of FTC's Red Flags Rule.  The measure garnered rare, unambiguously bi-partisan support in Congress:

It is obvious that physicians and dentists are not creditors, and they should not be forced to spend hundreds of dollars to comply with this needless regulation," said dentist/Rep. Mike Simpson (R-Idaho), one of the key sponsors of the bill. "They don't require full payment at the time of service because they first bill the insurance company, then they bill the patient the remainder of the bill. This system should not be treated the same as a loan with a financial institution," said Congressman Simpson.

Rep. John Adler (D-N.J.), the bill's chief sponsor, said the FTC "went too far. During these tough economic times, the federal government should not be placing burdensome regulations on small businesses."

"By passing this fix today, Congress can provide the FTC a clear definition of how Congress intended the policy to be enacted and protect small businesses and their customers from unnecessary government intervention," said Rep. Christopher Lee (R-N.Y.),  a cosponsor.

"In my opinion, the manner in which this legislation was crafted, with input from both sides of the aisle, with the FTC and with the various sectors that would be adversely affected if we had not acted, is the model for how this House can work to actually solve the problems facing our country," said Rep. Paul Broun (R-Ga.), a physician who cosponsored the measure. 

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By popular demand, here is the video of David Pogue's report on the Obama Administration's efforts to digitize patient records in the U.S. 

Watch CBS News Videos Online

"Charting a New Course," CBS News (September 13, 2009).

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David Pogue, a reporter for the New York Times, posted the transcript of his interview with Dr. David Blumenthal, National Coordinator for Health IT. Mr. Pogue interviewed Dr. Blumenthal for a CBS news report on digitization of healthcare in America (the video is available after the jump).

Here are some highlights from the interview:

On current state of health IT in the US:

We found that about 17 percent of physicians in 2008 had adopted an electronic health record, and about ten percent of hospitals. <...> The rest is paper. It's basically the same system that physicians have used since Hippocrates, which is writing on some piece of paper.

On reimbursement penalties for those failing to achieve meaningful use by 2015:

From 2011 to 2015, there is a bonus. The Congress has put $45 billion on the table to ease physicians and hospitals into this new world of computerized medicine.After 2015, if you have not adopted, and you see Medicare or Medicaid patients, you may experience a penalty. 2015 is six years off. Six years is plenty of time for physicians to get themselves organized to put a record in place and avoid those penalties.

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Major losses or breaches of personal information are not just for patients anymore:  The Chicago Tribune reports that the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association lost sensitive personal information, including, in some cases, social security numbers, of about 800,000 physicians -- nearly all the doctors in the United States.  As expected, this data loss came from a stolen laptop.  According to the Tribune:

The Chicago-based Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, a trade group for the nation's Blue Cross health insurance plans, confirmed an employee "broke protocol and transferred to a personal laptop" information that was later stolen in late August.

No patient information was on the database, so concern by consumers having personal health records breached is unwarranted, the association said. And doctors have not reported security breaches.

About 16 to 20 percent of the doctors listed in the database have their Social Security numbers as their medical-care provider identification, putting these health professionals at risk for identity theft.

Despite receiving no reports of identity theft, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association is offering credit monitoring services to those providers whose Social Security numbers were exposed.

"Blue Cross warns doctors about stolen identification data," The Chicago Tribute (October 14, 2009).

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Dr. David Blumenthal, the National Coordinator for Health IT, gave an update on the Obama Administration's efforts to define "meaningful use" and to further adoption of EHRs nationwide.  Blumenthal did not reveal any new details regarding the upcoming regulations on meaningful use, reminding his audience of the upcoming "notice of proposed rulemaking in late 2009 with a public comment period in early 2010."

Meanwhile, according to Government HealthIT, the next meeting of the HIT Policy Committee, which will meet on October 27 and 28, will focus on how to map meaningful use objectives to medical specialties as well as small practices and hospitals.

Speaking at the 81st annual American Health Information Management Association convention in Grapevine, Texas, Dr. Blumenthal stated that he expects 50,000 health information management (HIM) jobs to be created as the U.S. moves from the paper-based to the digital system of healthcare.  AHIMA's CEO, Linda Kloss, noted that the interest in HIM careers has "exploded" during the last year.

Much more news after the jump.
  

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According to Modern Healthcare, several HIT vendors, including GE Healthcare, NextGen Healthcare Information Systems, and Athenahealth, will guarantee that their EHR products will meet or "evolve to meet" the federal requirements for "meaningful use," even though such requirements have not been promulgated yet by CMS.  In fact,

Athenahealth recently upped the ante by guaranteeing that, not only will the company's AthenaClinicals Internet-based electronic health-record service meet federal standards, but the doctors who use it will receive a bonus payment for the 2011 program year under the terms of the [HITECH Act].

The HITECH Act provides for a first-year incentive payment of $18,000 for those eligible professionals who achieve meaningful use of certified EHR technology in 2011 or 2012, instead of a first-year payment of $15,000 thereafter.

Some vendors hope that such guarantees will spur activity in the market, persuading some reluctant healthcare providers not to wait until CMS issues its final "meaningful use" regulations next year.  There is also some doubt whether such guarantees apply to each vendor's existing customers or solely to new customers.

However, whenever a healthcare organization enters into an EMR purchase or license agreement, it must obtain strong warranties from the vendor that its product(s) and system will meet the applicable federal requirement standards at time of issuance of such standards, as well as for duration of the applicable license.  "Meaningful use" requirements will likely change over the life of a license, and a vendor's obligation to meet such evolving standards is absolutely essential.  Healthcare providers must also include proper remedies and appropriate carve-outs from vendor's limitation of liability for a vendor's breach of such warranties.

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The New York Times reported last week that the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (North Shore) will offer its 7,000 affiliated (though not employed by North Shore) physicians subsidies for implementing electronic health records.  Interestingly, this subsidy does not include or prevent such physicians from qualifying for the approximately $44,000 in Medicare incentive payments under ARRA. 

North Shore plans to subsidize 50% of the total cost of the EMR system (which uses Dell hardware and Allscripts software) for practices "who simply install electronic health records that can communicate between the doctor's office, labs and hospitals."  However, the health system will subsidize 85% of the total cost of the EMR -- a figure driven, no doubt, by the exceptions to the Stark and Anti-Kickback laws -- for physicians willing to share some of their patient data. 

North Shore is counting on the availability of shared data to reduce the cost of care through reduction of unnecessary tests and medical mistakes.  A recent PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PWC) survey may support North Shore's reasoning.  The survey found broad agreement among healthcare executives with respect to secondary uses of EMR patient data.  Among other findings (discussed after the jump), the PWC survey found that 42% of organizations already using some form of secondary data use achieved cost savings, 29% increased their revenue, and 59% saw improvements in quality of care.

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HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius announced almost $28 million in grants for more than twenty health centers to implement or improve their electronic health records technology.  This funding is allotted from the $2 billion set aside for Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) health centers in the ARRA.  HRSA health centers provide medical services for the uninsured and low-income individuals.

According to the HHS press release:

Eighteen grants totaling more than $22.6 million will support EHR implementation. Grants totaling more than $2.6 million will help four grantees implement a variety of HIT innovations, including the creation of health information exchanges among different providers and the incorporation of HIT at dental delivery sites. Another five grants totaling over $2.5 million will help health centers devise plans to use existing EHRs to improve patient health outcomes.

HRSA received $2 billion through the Recovery Act to expand health care services to low-income and uninsured individuals through its health center program. To date, more than $1.3 billion of these funds have been awarded to community-based organizations across the country. HRSA-supported health centers treated 17 million patients in 2008, 40 percent of whom have no health insurance.

You can find the full list of recipients here.

"Secretary Sebelius Releases $27.8 Million in Recovery Act Funds to Expand the Use of Health Information Technology," HHS Press Release (September 29, 2009).

"HHS releases $28M in ARRA funding to accelerate health IT," Healthcare IT News (September 30, 2009).

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The last few weeks saw a tremendous amount of activity in the health IT market.  Dell and Xerox were among the companies trying to capitalize on opportunities created by the ARRA incentives and certain market trends, including high demand for HIT products due to the ongoing digitization of the industry and, more generally, the expanding healthcare needs of an aging population in the United States.

Dell is quickly establishing itself as a major player in health IT.  In April 2009, Dell aligned itself with Wal-Mart and eClinical Works to supply hardware for Wal-Mart's new EHR system.  Last month, Dell rolled out its own EHR system aimed at physicians affiliated with hospital practices, with Tufts Medical Center and Memorial Hermann Health Care System among the early adopters. 

Even more significantly, on September 21, 2009, Dell announced its plans to acquire the health IT vendor Perot Systems Corp. for $3.9 billion.  Perot is a major player in the healthcare industry:  about half of Perot's $2.8 billion in annual revenue comes from the healthcare market; and as much as half of the hospitals that outsource their IT are Perot clients.   Perot runs over 3,000 healthcare applications for its clients, though the company does not have a preferred provider arrangement with a specific application vendor.

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On September 15, 2009, the HIT Standards Committee endorsed a set of privacy and security standards for electronic health record systems. 
These standards will be recommended to Dr. David Blumenthal, the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, as a basis for establishing the privacy and security criteria for, inter alia, "certified EHR technology" as defined under the HITECH Act.  Eligible healthcare providers must meet the criteria for "meaningful use" of "certified EHR technology" in order to qualify for significant incentives available under the HITECH Act.

The committee’s Privacy and Security Workgroup included access control, authentication, authorization and transmission of health data among the requirements that electronic health record systems must include by 2011 in order to meet the definition of "certified EHR technology."   Specifically for 2011, the Standards Committee approved the Workgroup's recommendation to require certified products to provide the capabilities necessary to support the HIPAA and ARRA security and privacy requirements and best practices for “meaningful use.”  The endorsed privacy and security standards will become more rigorous in 2013 and 2015.

You can find the spreadsheet of endorsed privacy and security standards here.

You can also view the presentation from the Workgroup here.

"Federal panel okays EHR security, privacy standards," Government Health IT (September 15, 2009).

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While the ONCHIT Advisory Committees continue to work on defining "meaningful use," the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT) plans to launch a new certification program for electronic health records systems based on the new requirements for such systems to qualify for incentive payments under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA).  

On October 7, 2009, CCHIT will "offer a modular certification program called Preliminary ARRA 2011 that is limited to the standards for qualifying EHR technology under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)."

More from the CCHIT press release:

The Commission has followed and analyzed the emerging recommendations of the health information technology advisory committees to the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC), and believes there is sufficient information to offer the preliminary ARRA certification now.

HHS criteria and standards are expected to be published by the end of 2009. Final rules on Meaningful Use are expected later in the Spring of 2010. If that process results in the introduction of new requirements, the Commission will offer vendors with preliminary certifications an incremental inspection at no additional fee to bring their certifications into alignment with the final rules. The Commission’s certification materials including criteria, test scripts and certification policies for both programs will be published at http://cchit.org on September 24. Applications for certification will open online on October 7.

"Certification Commission Launching 2011 Certification Programs In October," CCHIT press release (September 8, 2009).

"Federal committees to continue work on meaningful use," Healthcare IT News (September 11, 2009).

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Via HHS e-mail update:

The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) is pleased to announce the availability of materials that are of immediate interest and use to stakeholders and potential applicants for the Health Information Technology Extension Program: Regional Centers Cooperative Agreement Program, and that are new or updated since the August 27, 2009 technical assistance telephone and web conference.

REVISED – Preliminary Application Template (Attachment I to the Funding Opportunity Announcement):  As discussed on the August 27th technical assistance public conference, the suggested template for applicants’ use in compiling and presenting the information required for the Preliminary Application has been updated to include the complete requirements established in the funding opportunity announcement and is now available from www.grants.gov and the Extension Program section of ONC’s website at http://healthit.hhs.gov/extensionprogram.

NEW – A complete transcript of the August 27th technical assistance conference is available for download from the Extension Program section of ONC’s website.  Please visit http://healthit.hhs.gov/extensionprogram to access detailed information about the conference, including the transcript and the presentation slides used during the call.

NEW/REVISED – Program-specific Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) are now available on the Extension Program section of ONC’s website.  New FAQs are posted frequently, so potential applicants and other interested parties are encouraged to visit often.  Please visit http://healthit.hhs.gov/extensionprogram then scroll down and click on “Frequently Asked Questions”.

On the HIT Extension Program site, you can find the Funding Opportunity Announcement / Application Instructions document,  as well as a large FAQ section and the "Facts-At-A-Glance" summary. 

You can find the August 27th, 2009 presentation (PPT) here, and the transcript of that same presentation here.

"Health Information Technology Extension Program: Regional Centers Cooperative Agreement Program Update," HHS e-mail update (September 3, 2009).

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On August 19, 2009, pursuant to the HITECH Act, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published the interim final regulations regarding breach notification requirements for health care providers and other entities covered by HIPAA. 

According to the HHS press release:

The regulations, developed by the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR), require health care providers and other HIPAA covered entities to promptly notify affected individuals of a breach, as well as the HHS Secretary and the media in cases where a breach affects more than 500 individuals. Breaches affecting fewer than 500 individuals will be reported to the HHS Secretary on an annual basis. The regulations also require business associates of covered entities to notify the covered entity of breaches at or by the business associate.

You can find the text of the regulation here.

Stay tuned for more analysis of this important set of regulations on this blog. The interim final regulations are effective 30 days after publication in the Federal Register and include a 60-day public comment period. 

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Via Government Health IT:

The federal Health IT Policy Committee today endorsed recommendations that would leave the Certification Commission for Health IT in the short term as the sole organization authorized to certify health IT systems that qualified for funding under the economic stimulus plan. More certifying organizations would be added later.

Certification of electronic health record systems that met federal criteria for “meaningful use” of health IT could start as early as October, members of the Department of Health and Human Services’ Health IT Policy Committee said at the August 14th meeting.

Under the plan, CCHIT would provide a preliminary stamp of approval that health IT systems were HHS-qualified or certified until a final meaningful use regulation is published at the end of the year, said Marc Probst, chief information office of Intermountain Healthcare and co-chairman of the Committee’s certification work group.

Preliminary certification is meant to give providers and vendors enough certainty to proceed with planning, designing and purchasing systems in 2010. The HHS certification-qualification would mean that a provider purchasing the systems would be eligible for Medicare and Medicaid incentive payments under the stimulus law beginning in 2011.

"CCHIT will be sole health IT certifier, for now," Government Health IT (August 14, 2009).

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Pursuant to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued the final rule regarding notification requirements for breaches of electronic health information by vendors of personal health records and certain affiliated entities:

The rule applies to both vendors of personal health records – which provide online repositories that people can use to keep track of their health information – and entities that offer third-party applications for personal health records. These applications could include, for example, devices such as blood pressure cuffs or pedometers whose readings consumers can upload into their personal health records. Consumers may benefit by using these innovations, but only if they are confident that their health information is secure and confidential.

<...>

The Final Rule requires vendors of personal health records and related entities to notify consumers following a breach involving unsecured information. In addition, if a service provider to one of these entities has a breach, it must notify the entity, which in turn must notify consumers. The Final Rule also specifies the timing, method, and content of notification, and in the case of certain breaches involving 500 or more people, requires notice to the media. Entities covered by the rule must notify the FTC, and they may use a standard form, which can be found along with additional information about the rule at www.ftc.gov/healthbreach.

You can find the full text of the rule here.

"FTC Issues Final Breach Notification Rule for Electronic Health Information," FTC Press Release (August 17, 2009).

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The State of Maryland awarded $10 million to support the Chesapeake Regional Information System for our Patients (CRISP), a newly created health information technology exchange organization.  Some of  the biggest players in Maryland's health care industry, including Johns Hopkins, MedStar and the University of Maryland Medical System are going to participate in CRISP. 

According to the Baltimore Business Journal:

Funding will come from the hospitals that will receive a slight increase in the prices they can charge patients and federal stimulus money.

The news comes as health care officials and lawmakers champion electronic medical records as a way of reducing health care costs. They argue that electronic medical records will reduce costs by hopefully eliminating unnecessary tests and reducing errors by allowing doctors to quickly access patients’ medical records.

State health insurers plan to provide incentives to hospitals, which include a lump sum payment or increased reimbursement, to adopt electronic health records.

"Maryland awards $10M for health IT exchange," Baltimore Business Journal (August 5, 2009).

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The New York Times reported on Americans' growing concern regarding commercial use of their personal health information, especially the use of re-identified prescription drugs information for marketing purposes.  

The article points out correctly that the Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA) included a few key changes to the present privacy regime, which would make it more difficult for pharmacies and data mining companies to use patient information for marketing or fundraising purposes.  While the new law (and the upcoming applicable HHS regulations sanctioned by ARRA) will close a few loopholes in the current medical privacy regime, data mining companies like IMS Health and Verispan do not seem to be overly worried about these new developments:

The law won’t shut down the medical data mining industry, but there will be more restrictions on using private information without patients’ consent and penalties for civil violations will be increased. Government agencies are still writing new regulations called for in the law.  <...>

IMS Health reported operating revenue of $1.05 billion in the first half of 2009, down 10.6 percent from the period a year earlier. [An IMS representative] said he did not expect growing awareness of privacy issues to affect the business.

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HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius has delegated the responsibility for administration and enforcement of the HIPAA Security Rule to the Office of Civil Rights, a division of HHS.  Previously, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), another HHS division, was responsible for Security Rule administration, while OCR was tasked with administering and enforcing the HIPAA Privacy Rule.  Effective immediately, OCR is responsible for administering both Security  Rule and Privacy Rule, as well as all HIT privacy and security related provisions in the HITECH Act.

According to HHS, this move "will eliminate duplication and increase efficiencies in how the department ensures that Americans’ health information privacy is protected."  This transfer of authority is not meant to create any disruption of current procedures.  Consumers may continue to submit HIPAA security complaints using the on-line resource – the Administrative Simplification Enforcement Tool (ASET) -- which can be accessed here. New security complaints may also be sent to the Office for Civil Rights. 

You can find the Federal Register notice here.

"HHS Delegates Authority for the HIPAA Security Rule to Office for Civil Rights," HHS Press Release (August 3, 2009).

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From the FTC:

To assist small businesses and other entities, the Federal Trade Commission staff will redouble its efforts to educate them about compliance with the "Red Flags" Rule and ease compliance by providing additional resources and guidance to clarify whether businesses are covered by the Rule and what they must do to comply. To give creditors and financial institutions more time to review this guidance and develop and implement written Identity Theft Prevention Programs, the FTC will further delay enforcement of the Rule until November 1, 2009.

<...>

Although many covered entities have already developed and implemented appropriate, risk-based programs, some – particularly small businesses and entities with a low risk of identity theft – remain uncertain about their obligations. The additional compliance guidance that the Commission will make available shortly is designed to help them. Among other things, Commission staff will create a special link for small and low-risk entities on the Red Flags Rule Web site with materials that provide guidance and direction regarding the Rule. The Commission has already posted FAQs that address how the FTC intends to enforce the Rule and other topics – www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/microsites/redflagsrule/faqs.shtm. The enforcement FAQ states that Commission staff would be unlikely to recommend bringing a law enforcement action if entities know their customers or clients individually, or if they perform services in or around their customers’ homes, or if they operate in sectors where identity theft is rare and they have not themselves been the target of identity theft.

You can read the full press release here.

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The Los Angeles Times reported on a story of a patient trying to obtain a copy of her blood tests from her doctor's office.  The office wanted to charge the patient $25 to retrieve the test results and send them to her via first-class mail (refusing to fax such results to her for free).

Under both HIPAA and California privacy laws, however, the patient was entitled to such records with only minimum administrative charges:

Most providers are required to follow both HIPAA and the California law, deferring to whichever offers greater consumer protection in cases where the laws differ. As a result, [this patient's] doctor had no legal basis for charging the $25 administrative fee for her lab results.

Under California law, healthcare providers are allowed to charge a fee for the cost of copying a patient's medical record and for the postage to mail it. But the cost cannot exceed 25 cents per page for photocopies and 50 cents per page for microfilm.

The law in California also permits doctors to charge a "retrieval fee" for locating patient records and for making them available. But HIPAA does not allow it. Because HIPAA offers consumers greater protection than California law in this area, doctors in the state cannot charge patients fees beyond those allowed for photocopying.

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With the number and popularity of consumer review sites, such as Yelp.com and Angie's List, growing steadily, doctors are beginning to find themselves subjects of online reviews more and more frequently.  In fact, certain web sites, like RateMD.com, are dedicated specifically to rating physicians. 

The Washington Post reported recently on doctors seeking patients to sign contractual forms, commonly known as "gag orders", which may obligate patients not to comment or review their experiences at the doctor's office "without prior written consent" of the physician.  The Post explored the positions of both the advocates and opponents of gag orders.

Unsurprisingly, many doctors are vehemently opposed to the idea of being reviewed online (some cite difficulty in capturing quality of care and outcomes, rather than concentrating on the "ambience" of care, as the primary reason).  Some physicians go a step further and ask patients to sign contractual forms promising not to comment or review their services.  The Post  notes that it is not clear whether gag orders are legally enforceable or even ethical.

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eHealth Initiative, an affiliation of organizations devoted to improving the quality, safety and efficiency of healthcare through information technology, released its 2009 survey on Health Information Exchange (HIE), titled "Migrating Toward Meaningful Use: The State of Health Information Exchange."

The survey found many positive trends in the expansion of HIE's in the United States, including:

• the number of operational HIE initiatives (e.g., exchanges transmitting live data among stakeholders) has increased by nearly 40% since 2008;
• positive impact on physician practices by improving efficiency without disrupting care (e.g., quicker access to test results, reduced staff time spent searching for results and performing other administrative functions);
• reduction in costs associated with, inter alia, reduced staff time spent on searching for test results and performing other clerical functions, as well as reduction in duplicate tests and medical errors; and
• steadily growing number of initiatives are exchanging data, with almost universal increases in the type of data exchanged.

The survey also found that "initiatives identified 'addressing privacy and confidentiality issues' as the most pressing challenge they face, surpassing 'developing a sustainable business model'."

eHealth Initiative's press release, which includes a more detailed summary of the survey, can be found here.

"Migrating Toward Meaningful Use: The State of Health Information Exchange," eHealth Initiative Study (July 22, 2009).

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Via Healthcare-Informatics:

By 2011, at least 10 percent of all orders processed in a hospital must be entered through CPOE to qualify that institution for CMS incentives under the HITECH Act, according to a proposed matrix of meaningful use released today by ONC’s HIT Policy Committee.

Other 2011 hospital requirement are:

• implementation of drug-drug, drug-allergy, and drug-formulary checks
• maintenance of up-to-date problem lists of current and active diagnoses based on ICD-9 or SNOMED
• incorporation of lab-test results into EHR as structured data
• reporting of hospital quality measures to CMS
• implementation of one clinical decision rule related to a high-priority hospital condition
• providing of patients with an e-copy of their health information
• capability to exchange key clinical information (eg. discharge summary, procedures, problem lists, medication lists, allergies, test results) among providers of care

In another major development, the committee recommended that incentives be paid according to an ‘adoption year’ timeframe rather than a calendar year timeframe. “Under this scenario, qualifying for the first-year incentive payment would be assessed using the 2011 Measures. The payment rate and phaseout of payments would follow the calendar dates in the statute, but qualifying for incentives would use the ‘adoption-year’ approach,” the committee stated.

Here is the link to the matrix.

Stay tuned for more on meaningful use definition.

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While we anxiously await ONC's preliminary definition of "meaningful use" (due to be published on Thursday of this week), let us consider the future of American healthcare through the prism of recent industry analysis and new developments in Texas.

The New York Times Bits blog had a posting today about "an ambitious experiment" at the Cook Children's Health Care System in Ft. Worth, Texas.  Cook Children's is implementing a new EHR technology system (see details after the jump) which the administration hopes "will help the clinic improve care management and curb costs."  This outcome-oriented approach is also consistent with the payment and reimbursement structure at the clinic: "a capitated payment -- a set annual payment for each patient, instead of the standard fee-for-service system of American health care."

This development reminded me of Atul Gawande's fascinating article in The New Yorker last month about the bottom line-driven culture of hospitals and medical practices in McAllen, TX, which, according to his analysis, may lead to significantly higher cost of health care, while showing no real improvement in the quality of care.  The article contrasts the McAllen model with an outcome-oriented, collaborative model of practice of medicine in such healthcare enterprises as the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota and Grand Junction in Colorado, which produce better quality of care while significantly lowering costs.

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Hospitals and Health Networks, magazine for the American Hospital Association, published its annual "100 Most Wired Hospitals and Health Systems" survey.  The survey measures the IT use at more than 1,300 hospitals for quality, customer service, public health and safety, business processes and workforce issues.

The survey also includes a list of "25 Most Improved," the "25 Most Wireless" and the "25 Most Wired - Small and Rural" hospitals.

Did your hospital make any of the lists?  Find out after the jump.

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According to a study by UnitedHealth Group, America's largest health insurer by market value, widespread adoption and use of HIT may save the healthcare industry and the U.S. government up to $332 billion over 10 years.  According to Reuters, modernization of current practices is the report's main tool for achieving significant savings:

The report identifies ways that technology can be applied to save money by modernizing the administrative and transactional aspects of health care.

For example, use of automated cards swiped at the doctor's office or hospital to validate patient benefits could generate $18 billion in savings alone, according to the paper.

According to the Los Angeles Business Journal, the UnitedHealth report describes additional savings by eliminating paper records:

Much of the $332 billion in savings would come from getting rid of paper records of all types at providers. For example, UnitedHealth estimates more than $108 billion would be saved in printing, postage and administrative costs by shifting payments and remittances to an electronic format.

National information systems also could save money. UnitedHealth estimates more than $47 billion could be saved if their [sic] was a national system to monitor and flag questionable health claims.

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On June 16, 2009, the Workgroup on Meaningful Use presented its findings to the HIT Policy Committee.  The findings include two parts:  the preamble and the matrix.   The matrix consists of goals to be achieved by 2011, 2013, and 2015, and the metrics for such goals to evaluate hospital and clinician progress in meeting them.

We will have much more analysis on this preliminary definition later, so stay tuned for our updates.  Meanwhile, our favorite "geek doctor" John Halamka stated the following on his blog:

Now that the initial definition of meaningful use is available, the HIT Standards Committee workgroups and HITSP will work through the month of July to ensure the matrix is populated with the most up to date standards and implementation guide detail.

Hospitals and Clinician offices now know what is expected for 2011, so the time is now to begin your software implementations.

"Meaningful Use has Arrived", Life as a Healthcare CIO (June 16, 2009).

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The New York Times reported today on the growing threat posed to patients and consumers by medical identity theft.  The article rightfully notes that this threat may only become more prominent with the widespread adoption of electronic health records technology championed by the Obama Administration. 

According to the Times, over 250,000 Americans are victims of medical identity theft each year, and this number does not include those who are not yet aware that they are victims of such identity theft.  The article profiled one case of medical identity theft, that of Brandon Sharp, a 37-year-old manager at an oil and gas company in Houston:

In Mr. Sharp’s case, someone got hold of his name and Social Security number and used them to receive emergency medical services, which many hospitals are obliged to provide whether or not a person has insurance. Mr. Sharp still does not know whether he fell victim to one calamitous perp who ended up in several emergency rooms or a ring of accident-prone conspirators.

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Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-MA) revealed the first draft of the healthcare reform bill, the "Affordable Health Choices Act."  Competing versions of the healthcare reform legislation are expected shortly from senior House Democrats, including Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Henry Waxman (D-CA), and Sen. Baucus (D-MT), chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.  According to the Los Angeles Times, while the various drafts will differ significantly, congressional Democrats agree on three broad goals for the new healthcare framework:

• Improving the quality of care for everyone by encouraging doctors, hospitals and others to adopt the best, most effective courses of treatment.
• Curbing the explosive growth in costs by prodding the medical system to make more cost-effective decisions and to increase efficiency by moving to computerized medical records.
• Expanding coverage to those who do not have health insurance.

Sen. Kennedy's bill does not provide additional funding for adoption of EHR systems, but, according to Piper Jaffrey senior research analyst Sean Wieland interviewed today by Healthcare IT News, "the use of the data generated from these yet-to-be-installed systems is a central theme throughout [Kennedy's] 615-page bill." 

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On June 4, 2009, Sears Holdings Corporation (Sears) settled its dispute with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regarding Sears's controversial online tracking software.  Sears paid its customers $10 to join "My SHC community" and download  software which would track participants' online behavior.  However, FTC alleged that Sears did not adequately disclose the enormous scope of information Sears collected on the participants:

<...> Sears represented to consumers that the software would track their “online browsing.” The FTC charges that the software would also monitor consumers’ online secure sessions – including sessions on third parties’ Web sites – and collect information transmitted in those sessions, such as the contents of shopping carts, online bank statements, drug prescription records, video rental records, library borrowing histories, and the sender, recipient, subject, and size for web-based e-mails. The software would also track some computer activities that were not related to the Internet.

Sears did disclose the full extent of what information it would monitor, but only "in a lengthy user license agreement, available to consumers at the end of a multi-step registration process", which the FTC deemed to be inadequate. 

Under the settlement, Sears is required to destroy the data collected under this program, and to "clearly and prominently disclose the types of data the software will monitor, record, or transmit" if Sears advertises or disseminates any tracking software in the future.  The FTC also required Sears to make such disclosure prior to installation of the software and separate from any user license agreement; and disclose whether any of the data will be used by a third party.

"Sears Settles FTC Charges Regarding Tracking Software", FTC press release (June 4, 2009).
"Sears settles with FTC in privacy flap", Reuters (June 4, 2009).

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Healthcare IT News reports that a new study projects that the market for electronic health records related equipment and software will reach $1.6 billion in 2013, which is almost three times more than last year's value.  EHR market was estimated at $575 million in 2008.  ARRA is, of course, the main reason for such a steady rise in market value:

Driven by the growing use of EMRs in hospitals and physician offices, this segment of the patient monitoring market will grow 23.3 percent annually through 2013, notes the report, "High-Tech Patient Monitoring Systems Markets (Remote and Wireless Systems, Data Processing, EMR Data Transfer)."

Increased use of EMRs and high-tech patient monitoring systems is a key piece of President Barack Obama's plan to fix the ailing healthcare system, the report notes, because they have the potential to improve patient outcomes and satisfaction, provide cost savings and more efficient use of healthcare resources and reduce hospitalizations.

Full article here.

"Market for EMRs pegged at $1.6 billion by 2013", Healthcare IT News (June 4, 2009).

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On May 19, 2009, Governor O'Malley of Maryland signed into law a bill requiring private insurance companies to offer healthcare providers financial incentives to adopt healthcare information technology (HIT), while establishing penalties for those providers who do not bring an electronic medical records system on line by 2015.  According to the Baltimore Sun,

The stimulus money went to Medicare and Medicaid, which are to give it to doctors who adopt electronic medical records. But because Medicare and Medicaid account for less than half of payments to many providers, state Health Secretary John Colmers said, private insurers are now being enlisted to add incentive, beginning in 2011.

The bill allows insurers to choose among several forms of inducement - increased reimbursements, lump-sum payments or in-kind services - so long as it has a monetary value.

"The goal here in Maryland was to assure that all of the payers pull their oars in the same direction," Colmers said. "There is a great promise in electronic health records, but the greatest promise comes when it's done in a coordinated fashion, across all of the payers.

The new law also requires Maryland to develop "a health information exchange, a computer network that would link all of Maryland's physicians, hospitals, medical laboratories and pharmacies. It could be linked with those of other states to create [a] national network."

"Bill pushes doctors to computerize records", The Baltimore Sun, May 19, 2009.

Maryland General Assembly HB706 "Electronic Health Records - Regulation and Reimbursement"

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On May 15, 2009, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released Recovery Act implementation plans:

HHS is moving quickly and carefully to award Recovery Act funds in an open and transparent manner that will achieve the objectives of each ARRA program. Implementation plans provide detailed information regarding the goals, funding, contracts competition, contract type, and accountability mechanisms.

HHS and the Office of National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) released two such implementation plans aimed specifically at accelerating the adoption of health information technology pursuant to the HITECH Act:  the Recovery Act Implementation Plan for Medicare and Medicaid incentives, and the accompanying Implementation Plan from the ONC.

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The Washington Post provides an interesting behind-the-scenes account of how the funds for electronic health records adoption were included into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, commonly known as the stimulus bill.  Health Information and Management System Society (HIMSS) played a crucial role in this lobbying effort.  According to the Post:

[HIMSS] had worked closely with technology vendors, researchers and other allies in a sophisticated, decade-long campaign to shape public opinion and win over Washington's political machinery.

You can read the whole article here.

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As we mentioned earlier, Kaiser Permanente fired fifteen employees (and disciplined eight additional employees) for looking at the medical records of Nadya Suleman, the mother of octuplets commonly referred to as "Octomom."

On May 14, 2009, California authorities fined Bellflower Hospital, the Kaiser facility where Ms. Suleman was treated, $250,000, the maximum allowed under California's new patient privacy law. The law allows the California Department of Public Health to impose fines against healthcare facilities of up to $25,000 per patient for the first violation and $17,500 for each additional violation, up to $250,000.

While the spokesperson for Kaiser argued that the healthcare provider "took numerous steps to prevent" violations of Ms. Suleman's privacy, state officials maintain that such steps were insufficient:

The steps Kaiser took to protect Suleman's privacy were not aggressive enough, Billingsley and other state health officials said.

"It's the hospital's job to prevent these breaches from occurring, not just crack down after the fact," said Kim Belshé, secretary of California's Health and Human Services.

Governor Schwarznegger supported this development:  "The fine issued today should be a reminder that there are consequences for violations of medical privacy."

"Kaiser hospital fined $250,000 for privacy breach in octuplet case", Los Angeles Times (May 15, 2009).
 

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Steve Fox was interviewed in this month's Cover Story "The Big Push", in For the Record, a biweekly  magazine for health information management professionals, regarding the incentives and challenges of EHR adoption.  On incentives included in the HITECH Act, Steve argued that:

“it’s almost crazy not to adopt EHRs because we’re talking about a significant amount of money ... From my discussions with hospitals and other physicians, the consensus seems to be that leaving that large sum on the table would just be foolish. Some hospitals I’ve spoken with are anticipating this will bring in millions.”

Steve also identified interoperability as a crucial goal for EHR systems:

“Trying to encourage not just adoption of EHRs but having them all interconnected is definitely the next step and perhaps even the definition of success in the end ... Hospitals need to be connected with one another or the EHRs are not being used to their full potential. Take Philadelphia, for instance. There are a lot of hospitals there but almost no connectivity among them. If a patient has his records at one hospital but gets taken to a different hospital, there’s no way to access his records, even if they do have an EHR in place.”

You can read the full article here.

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From the FTC:

The Federal Trade Commission will delay enforcement of the new “Red Flags Rule” until August 1, 2009, to give creditors and financial institutions more time to develop and implement written identity theft prevention programs. For entities that have a low risk of identity theft, such as businesses that know their customers personally, the Commission will soon release a template to help them comply with the law. Today’s announcement does not affect other federal agencies’ enforcement of the original November 1, 2008 compliance deadline for institutions subject to their oversight.

“Given the ongoing debate about whether Congress wrote this provision too broadly, delaying enforcement of the Red Flags Rule will allow industries and associations to share guidance with their members, provide low-risk entities an opportunity to use the template in developing their programs, and give Congress time to consider the issue further,” FTC Chairman Jon Leibowitz said.

You can read the full press release here. 

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• The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued interim regulations regarding breach notification requirements for PHR vendors, as mandated by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.  According to the FTC press release, aside from breach notification, the proposed rule also:

stipulates that if a service provider to one of these [PHR vendor] entities experiences a breach, it must notify the entity, which in turn must notify consumers of the breach. The proposed rule contains additional requirements governing the standard for what triggers the notice, as well as the timing, method, and content of notice. It also requires entities covered by the proposed rule to notify the FTC of any breaches. The FTC can then post information about the breaches on its Web site, and notify the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

             The full notice can be found here.

• Mayo Clinic, in collaboration with Microsoft, launched its new personal health record (PHR) site on Tuesday April 21, 2009.  The Mayo Clinic Health Manager uses Microsoft's HealthVault system to store medical histories, test results, immunization files and other records from doctors' offices and hospital visits, along with data from home devices like heart rate monitors.  Anyone, not just Mayo Clinic patients, can open an account online; users can grant limited access to doctors, family members, and others to view the information contained in their PHR.  It would be very interesting to learn if the Mayo Clinic required Microsoft to sign a Business Associate Agreement, or if Microsoft would publicly acknowledge that their PHR product is subject to certain privacy and security rules under HIPAA.  ("Mayo Clinic backs new personal health record site", USA Today, April 21, 2009.)

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Bob Brewin of NextGov interviewed Steve Fox regarding the new privacy rules for vendors of personal health records (PHRs), and the applicability of such rules not only to PHR vendors such as Google and Microsoft, but also to the less obvious "related entities", a group so broad it may include an iPhone app:

Steven Fox, a lawyer with Post & Schell in Washington who co-chairs the firm's data protection group, agreed that the rules cover Google and Microsoft but said he wished FTC had specifically identified the two companies in the proposed rules.

The rules cover about 200 vendors of personal health record systems and 500 "related entities, which include online medication or weight tracking programs, and 200 third-party providers that offer billing and data services.

The related entities category could include low-cost iPhone applications that would have to comply with the potentially costly breach notification process, Dixon said. An online guide lists "100 Fabulous iPhone Apps for Your Health and Fitness," and Fox said these applications would be covered by the breach notification rules if they exchange information with personal health records.

("Proposed breach notification rule would affect more health vendors", NextGov, April 16, 2009.)

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A new study of 138 laptop-loss cases suffered over a recent 12-month period by 29 organizations, found that, on average, each lost or stolen laptop cost the employer $49,246.  About 80% of the amount, or about $39,000 per laptop, are costs associated with data breaches, i.e., loss of personal data stored on the lost or stolen laptop.  Significantly, the study found that:

The faster the company learns that a laptop is lost, the lower the average cost ... If a company discovers the loss in the same day, the average cost is $8,950. If it takes more than one week, the average cost rises significantly to approximately $115,849.

The study didn't endorse any particular brand of notebook protection gear, but noted that encryption on average can reduce the cost of a lost laptop by more than $20,000.  (It is important to point out here that most data protection laws (both state and federal) exclude loss of encrypted or secured information from their definition of "breach.")

The study was conducted by the Michigan-based Ponemon Institute and commission by Intel.

("Typical lost or stolen laptop costs companies nearly $50,000, study finds", MercuryNews.com, April 22, 2009.)

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In an interview with Thompson's Compliance Information Center, Steve Fox urged healthcare providers to begin the compliance process to meet the new data privacy and security requirements imposed under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: 

“The main message for providers is that ARRA is not something they can wait until next year for,” said Steven J. Fox, Esq., a partner at the law firm Post & Schell in Washington D.C. and co-author of the Guide to Medical Privacy & HIPAA.  Although Fox does not advise covered entities to completely overhaul their HIPAA compliance programs before HHS issues regulations, he does say they should begin reviewing all of their current privacy and security policies and procedures and comparing them with the new ARRA requirements. Entities should conduct “a thorough self analysis to determine where they stand.

Covered entities also should train their staff so they understand the importance of privacy and security. Under ARRA’s new penalty provisions, there is an increased potential of significant fines being levied, so entities should prepare by readying their staff for new requirements.

“People need to be trained and retrained to understand how their jobs are changing” as a result of the ARRA privacy and security provisions, Fox said. But, he cautioned “it is premature to do an overhaul of training programs” right away. “Someone needs to revise the whole compliance training program to include all of the ARRA changes — but not too far in advance before the changes are required,” he said.

This interview also headlined IAPP's Daily Dashboard briefing on April 16, 2009.

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From HHS:

On April 17, 2009, HHS issued guidance specifying the technologies and methodologies that render protected health information unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to unauthorized individuals, as required by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act passed as part of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). This guidance was developed through a joint effort by OCR, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

This guidance relates to two forthcoming breach notification regulations – one to be issued by HHS for covered entities and their business associates under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) (Sec. 13402 of HITECH) and one to be issued by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for vendors of personal health records and other non-HIPAA covered entities (Sec. 13407 of HITECH). HITECH requires these regulations to be published within 180 days of enactment. If the entities subject to the regulations apply the technologies and methodologies specified in the guidance to secure information, they will not be required to provide the notifications required by the regulations in the event the information is breached.

The Guidance can be viewed (in PDF) here.

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Deloitte published the results of its 2009 survey of more than 4,000 healthcare consumers, and the findings included some good news for the healthcare IT industry:

• 9% of consumers have an electronic personal health record (PHR), but 42% are interested in creating one connected online to their physicians.  This leaves much room for growth for companies like Microsoft and Google which offer a PHR product.
   
• 55% want the ability to communicate with their doctor via email to exchange health information and get answers to questions, and 57% would be interested in scheduling appointments, buying prescriptions and completing other transactions online if their information is protected.

• 4 in 10 favor increasing government funding and incentives to support adoption of electronic medical records by doctors, hospitals and health plans.

However, consumers remain worried about the privacy and security of their personal health information, with 38% of those surveyed being "very concerned" as opposed to 24% of those who are not concerned at all.  Sixty percent support government establishing standards "for how medical for how medical information is collected, stored, exchanged and protected." 

The full survey findings can be downloaded here.

"Deloitte Survey Finds Healthy Consumer Demand For Electronic Health Records, Online Tools and Services", PRNewswire.com, April 6, 2009.

"2009 Survey of Health Care Consumers: Key Findings, Strategic Implications", Deloitte Center for Health Solutions, released April 2009.

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• CVS pharmacy customers now have the ability to download their prescription and medication histories to Google Health accounts after CVS and Google expanded their partnership.  Patients at CVS' walk-in MinuteClinics are also able to add summaries of their visits to their Google Health accounts.  It would be interesting to find out if CVS and Google ever executed a Business Associate Agreement.  After the enactment of the HITECH Act, Google famously maintained that its personal health records product is not a subject to the new legislation and certain privacy and security provisions under HIPAA.  ("CVS-Google Health pact now includes drugstores", AP, April 6, 2009.)
• The federal government released Connect, and open source software which allows public and private entities to share health information via the National Health Information Network.  The source code is free to download (the code and its documentation are available here), but organizations choosing to acquire and use this product will be responsible for costs associated with the installation and maintenance of Connect.  The Social Security Administration, Department of Defense, Veterans Affairs, and the CDC are among the many government agencies using this software for health information exchange already.  ("NHIN software released to open-source community", Government Health IT, April 7, 2009.)
  
   

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Post & Schell is presenting a webinar featuring Vadim Schick and Peter Hardy, who will discuss the practical and legal issues created by the new and upcoming changes in the data privacy protection regime.  Topics will include:

• The Identity Theft Prevention Programs required by the Red Flags Rule
• New data breach requirements imposed by HIPAA
• Pending federal data privacy legislation that mirrors existing state laws
• What steps to take now to be prepared
• Why preparing now will save you money and grief later

You can view this presentation at your desk.  There is no charge or limit to the number of people who can listen to the presentation on the same line. Click the following link to register for the GoToWebinar presentation:  register now.   After registering, you will receive log-in information for the April 7th webinar by e-mail.

Also, some of the issues discussed above, including compliance with the Red Flag Rules and HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules, are discussed in a new article by Peter and Vadim, "Preventing Data Breaches:  HIPAA Compliance and the Red Flag Rules," published in the April 2009 edition of Compliance Today, and accessible via this link.

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Healthcare Informatics Editor-in-Chief Anthony Guerra recently talked with our own Steve Fox and fellow Post & Schell partner Edward Shay about the substance of the HITECH Act and what this new legislation means for healthcare providers. The interview appears under the "Online Exclusives" section of the Healthcare Informatics Web site.

Healthcare Informatics recently published Part III and Part IV of the interview on its Web site.

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• After what has become a rather typical breach of patient privacy for Southern California, Kaiser Permanente fired fifteen employees (and disciplined eight additional employees) for looking at the medical records of Nadya Suleman, the mother of octuplets commonly referred to as "Octomom".  Previously, similar breaches occurred at UCLA when that medical center's staff leaked celebrities' medical records to the tabloids.  (MercuryNews.com, via AP, March 30, 2009.)
• Wall Street Journal reported last week that HIT stocks, especially smaller companies, like eClinicalWorks (which provide the software component of Wal-Mart's new EHR package) will benefit greatly from the billions of dollars in HIT funding included in the stimulus bill.  Also, in another sure sign of a growing industry, Quality Systems, the maker of the NextGen EHR software, is "beefing up its sales force." ("Stimulus Funds for E-Records Augur Big Windfall for Small Health Firms", Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2009.)

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The New England Journal of Medicine published a study describing dismal rates of adoption and use of EHR technology in the United States.  The authors of the study found that

less than 2% of acute care hospitals have a comprehensive electronic-records system, and that, depending on the definition used, between 8 and 12% of hospitals have a basic electronic-records system.  With the use of the definition that requires the presence of functionalities for physicians' notes and nursing assessments, information systems in more than 90% of U.S. hospitals do not even meet the requirement for a basic electronic-records system.

Financial restraints is the most commonly cited reason for lack of electronic health records.  The authors found higher adoption rates among larger, urban, teaching hospitals (which the authors partially attributed to such institutions' financial resources available for EHR technology).  Interoperability and low levels of health information exchange also have a negative effect on EHR adoption levels.

However, the authors did provide a glimmer of hope, if not good news:

From a policy perspective, our data suggest that rewarding hospitals — especially financially vulnerable ones — for using health information technology may play a central role in a comprehensive approach to stimulating the spread of hospital electronic-records systems. Creating incentives for increasing information-technology staff and harmonizing information-technology standards and creating disincentives for not using such technology may also be helpful approaches.

Thus, hopefully the incentive payment provisions in the HITECH Act will have a positive effect on adoption rates in the foreseeable future.

It is worth pointing out that Dr. Blumenthal, the new head of ONCHIT, is one of the study's authors.  This study was covered by major national news outlets, including the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times.

"Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals" (New England Journal of Medicine, March 25, 2009).

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A battle royal rages on among various Harvard physicians about the effects of a widespread adoption of EHR technology.  In a Wall Street Journal op-ed, two Harvard doctors questioned President Obama's claim that nationwide adoption of EHR technology will save the taxpayers as much as $80 billion annually.   Drs. Groopman and Hartzband call on Mr. Obama to "apply real scientific rigor to fix our health-care system rather than rely on elegant exercises in wishful thinking."  

However, three other Harvard physicians, including Geek Doctor John Halamka, published a Letter to the Editor in response to the Groopman/Hartzband Op-Ed, claiming that the latter did not present a full or accurate picture of the positive effects of widespread adoption of EHR technology.  In part, Drs. Halamka, Bates and Middleton claim that:

The electronic health record represents a transformational change in healthcare, and will enable an array of improvements—although it will not necessarily result if implemented badly. The electronic record is to the paper record as the automobile was to the horse and buggy. No one will want to go back.

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Dr. David Blumenthal was named as National Coordinator for Health Information Technology at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).  Dr. Blumenthal will "lead the effort for implementation of a nationwide interoperable, privacy-protected health information technology infrastructure" authorized by ARRA and the HITECH Act. 

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Healthcare Informatics Editor-in-Chief Anthony Guerra recently talked with our own Steve Fox and fellow Post & Schell partner Edward Shay about the substance of the HITECH Act and what this new legislation means for healthcare providers.  The interview appears under the "Online Exclusives" section of the Healthcare Informatics Web site. 

In Part I and Part II of the interview, Steve and Ed discuss the incentives for hospitals and physician practices included in the HITECH Act; new regulations to be promulgated by HHS Secretary under this Act; and what actions hospitals and physician practices should be considering at this time in order to qualify for the incentive payments under the Act.

Part III is coming soon, and we will update this entry when it is published on Healthcare-Informatics.com. 
 

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• Kaiser Permanente and IBM inked a $500 million, seven-year IT services deal.  IBM will manage Kaiser's data center operations, storage and software, but IBM will not have access to patients' medical records.  AP, San Francisco Chronicle (March 17, 2009).
• A new study expects that as much as three-quarters of prescribers will use e-prescribing by 2014 because of the incentives for adoption of e-prescribing technology included in the HITECH Act (though only about 15% of current prescribers use e-prescribing).  This could result in a massive $22 billion reduction in drug and medical costs.  Government Health IT (March 17, 2009).
• Wal-Mart is bringing its "high-volume, low-cost" approach to the medical records industry.  Wal-Mart's Sam's Club division will produce a package that will include hardware from Dell, software from eClinicalWorks, as well as installation, maintenance and training services.  According to the New York Times (March 11, 2009), the "Sam’s Club offering, to be made available this spring, will be under $25,000 for the first physician in a practice, and about $10,000 for each additional doctor. After the installation and training, continuing annual costs for maintenance and support will be $4,000 to $6,500 a year, the company estimates." This development has huge implications for the EHR market, and may actually aid the widespread adoption of EHR technology.   Healthcare IT News (March 11, 2009) also covered this story.

More news after the jump.

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